AAS 17 Lecture 8: Week 8 Questions
30 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
ELLEN GRUENBAUM
1. FGC did not disappear with the introduction of Christianity into the Nile Valley kingdoms of the
Sudan in the 6th century.
2. Pharaonic circumcision, the most severe form, predominates in Sudan.
3. The girls who are about to undergo FGC are given gifts and a special meal will be prepared. Girls
may be fearful of the operation itself however they look forward to circumcision as the first
occasion at which they will be treated as important.
4. Women in Sudan are the strongest defenders of FGC because of the importance placed on
virginity at marriage and to the more dependent social and economic position of women.
5. For Sudanese girls, proper gender identity is closely tied to virginity and marriageability, which
can only be guaranteed by circumcision.
6. According to a survey, uncircumcised Sudanese secondary school girls forced their parents to
have them circumcised. They did this because they felt compelled to conform to the ideal of
femininity defined by circumcision.
7. Sudanese men who had worked in Saudi Arabia requested that their daughters not receive the
traditional clitoridectomies and infibulations, but rather be given only Sunna circumcisions. The
women opposed the demands from the men and believed men should not try to take over what
is oes affair.
8. Non-circumcising groups in Sudan occupy generally low social status.
9. Sudanese doctors and religious scholars opposed pharaonic circumcision in the 1940s.
10. Doctors have reluctantly been willing to promote and perform clitoridectomies rather than
letting the parents take their daughter to a midwife whose methods might be much less
hygienic and whose surgery would be more dramatic.
11. Midwives lead a reform effort because their incomes are dependent on FGC.
12. Pressure from outside organizations to abandon FGC has led to bitter backlash responses by the
Sudanese.
13. Women who choose independence from family and men may remain unmarried. As a result
they face the possibility of being shunned and/or poverty. They also may find themselves
unmarriageable should they eventually change their minds.
DALLAS BROWNE
1. Many African and Middle Eastern women support the continuation of FGC, although they are
the alleged itis hose odies are eig utilated ad iolated.
2. Before the British entered Kenya, Kikuyu women acquired the right to use land from their
husads. Woe had aess to poer through istitutios suh as the oes ouil ad
woman-to-woman marriages.
3. Missionary campaigns against clitoridectomy drove it underground, where it secretly thrived.
4. Kenyan women who are not circumcised come from devout Presbyterian families. Kenyan
women who practice clitoridectomy belong to the Roman Catholic or Orthodox churches.
5. In Kawangware the operations were performed by a trained female medical technician who
worked for the Catholic health clinic. Modern antiseptics are used and Western health standards
are observed in the clitoridectomy.
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Document Summary
Ellen gruenbaum: fgc did not disappear with the introduction of christianity into the nile valley kingdoms of the. Sudan in the 6th century: pharaonic circumcision, the most severe form, predominates in sudan, the girls who are about to undergo fgc are given gifts and a special meal will be prepared. Sudanese: women who choose independence from family and men may remain unmarried. As a result they face the possibility of being shunned and/or poverty. They also may find themselves unmarriageable should they eventually change their minds. Wo(cid:373)e(cid:374) had a(cid:272)(cid:272)ess to po(cid:449)er through i(cid:374)stitutio(cid:374)s su(cid:272)h as the (cid:449)o(cid:373)e(cid:374)(cid:859)s (cid:272)ou(cid:374)(cid:272)il a(cid:374)d woman-to-woman marriages: missionary campaigns against clitoridectomy drove it underground, where it secretly thrived, kenyan women who are not circumcised come from devout presbyterian families. Kenyan women who practice clitoridectomy belong to the roman catholic or orthodox churches. In kawangware the operations were performed by a trained female medical technician who worked for the catholic health clinic.
