BIS 2C Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Animal, Synapomorphy, Choanoflagellate
27 Apr 2018
School
Department
Course
Animals = Diplontic
Phylogeny of Metazoa
Sister taxa of choanoflagellates with in overall family of opisthokonts
Small group of aquatic protists (unicellular or colonial)
○
Have collar cell that Is ovoid with a collar of microvilli
Similar to choanocytes in sponges, and other animals
§
○
Moves via flagellum
○
•
Homologies of metazoan signal genes that are similar between choanoflagellates, and animals
•
Characteristic features of Metazoa
Multicellular organisms with cell specialization, communication
(non unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Heterotrophs
•
Food is ingested (usually by extracellular means expect intracellular in sponges)
•
Diplontic
(non unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Male gametes are very distinct: Spermatozoa
(unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Unique development phases: zygote to blastula (most also go on to gastrula)
unique synapomorphy
○
•
Cell junctions (septate junction)
•
Collagen and proteoglycans in extracellular matrix
(unique synapomorphies)
○
•
Body Form and Symmetry
Symmetry: plane can divide it into two similar halves
Radial: animal is in cylinder form with many planes that divides it into equal halves
○
Bilateral: single plant divides animal into left and right halves
○
•
Bilateral Symmetry
Distinct anterior and posterior ends
○
Cephalization: anterior end differentiates into a head and concentration of sensory organs
occurs
○
Segmentations: repetition of body parts in defined units
○
•
Animal Development (look on slide about blastula stuff)
Gastrulation: cell layers form by invagination of blastula
•
Sponges
Features
Asymmetrical gutless animals
○
Have Aquiferous system of water canals
○
Differentiated cell types but no tissues or organs
○
Cells enforced with collagen and spicules (skeletal elements)
○
All aquatic, most marine
○
8500 species (majority are demosponges)
○
Adults sessile, larvae motile
○
Most filter feeders on microscopic particles
○
•
Aquiferous system
Water flows into many pores (ostia) and exits through exit pores (oscula) which is propelled by
flagella of choanocytes on the inside of the sponge (find diagram)
○
Comes in many types of forms with many complexities but not clades but just terms for body
form
○
•
Demosponges
Have spongin (network of collagen) without spicules which have been harvested as bath sponges
○
•
Reproduction
Asexual: budding
○
Sexual reproduction: most sponges are hermaphrodites but don't self fertilized because they
produce diff gametes at different times
Sperm crosses cell barrier of choanocytes, taken in like it is a food particle and but then
once recognized
§
Larvae has cilia so that they can settle on substrate and grow
§
○
•
Ecological
Very dominant in marine environments
Sponge spicules provide physical deterrent
○
Chemicals
Have potent biochemical defenses (biotoxins)
§
Use antimicrobial agents to prevent infections
§
Chemical repellants against other organisms that compete fro space
For humans, these sponge properties have been used for pharmacological use
□
§
○
•
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism: photosynthetic cyanobacteria or algae that live in sponge and exchange nutrients
○
Commensalism: other marine orgs in habit sponges for shelter because of porous nature of
sponges
Shrimp example: Spongicola shrimp male female pair enters glass sponge, grow large and
cannot leave so they copulate and release young out of small holes in sponge
§
○
•
Multicellularity
*multicellularity is a derived trait of Metazoa as not all opisthokonts are multicellular
yes no
Heterotrophy no no
Extracellular Digestion maybe yes
Diplontic
Spermatozoa
Zygote to Blastula
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Intro to Metazoa (animals); Sponges (26)
Monday, February 26, 2018
12:09 PM
Animals = Diplontic
Phylogeny of Metazoa
Sister taxa of choanoflagellates with in overall family of opisthokonts
Small group of aquatic protists (unicellular or colonial)
○
Have collar cell that Is ovoid with a collar of microvilli
Similar to choanocytes in sponges, and other animals
§
○
Moves via flagellum
○
•
Homologies of metazoan signal genes that are similar between choanoflagellates, and animals
•
Characteristic features of Metazoa
Multicellular organisms with cell specialization, communication
(non unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Heterotrophs
•
Food is ingested (usually by extracellular means expect intracellular in sponges)
•
Diplontic
(non unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Male gametes are very distinct: Spermatozoa
(unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Unique development phases: zygote to blastula (most also go on to gastrula)
unique synapomorphy
○
•
Cell junctions (septate junction)
•
Collagen and proteoglycans in extracellular matrix
(unique synapomorphies)
○
•
Body Form and Symmetry
Symmetry: plane can divide it into two similar halves
Radial: animal is in cylinder form with many planes that divides it into equal halves
○
Bilateral: single plant divides animal into left and right halves
○
•
Bilateral Symmetry
Distinct anterior and posterior ends
○
Cephalization: anterior end differentiates into a head and concentration of sensory organs
occurs
○
Segmentations: repetition of body parts in defined units
○
•
Animal Development (look on slide about blastula stuff)
Gastrulation: cell layers form by invagination of blastula
•
Sponges
Features
Asymmetrical gutless animals
○
Have Aquiferous system of water canals
○
Differentiated cell types but no tissues or organs
○
Cells enforced with collagen and spicules (skeletal elements)
○
All aquatic, most marine
○
8500 species (majority are demosponges)
○
Adults sessile, larvae motile
○
Most filter feeders on microscopic particles
○
•
Aquiferous system
Water flows into many pores (ostia) and exits through exit pores (oscula) which is propelled by
flagella of choanocytes on the inside of the sponge (find diagram)
○
Comes in many types of forms with many complexities but not clades but just terms for body
form
○
•
Demosponges
Have spongin (network of collagen) without spicules which have been harvested as bath sponges
○
•
Reproduction
Asexual: budding
○
Sexual reproduction: most sponges are hermaphrodites but don't self fertilized because they
produce diff gametes at different times
Sperm crosses cell barrier of choanocytes, taken in like it is a food particle and but then
once recognized
§
Larvae has cilia so that they can settle on substrate and grow
§
○
•
Ecological
Very dominant in marine environments
Sponge spicules provide physical deterrent
○
Chemicals
Have potent biochemical defenses (biotoxins)
§
Use antimicrobial agents to prevent infections
§
Chemical repellants against other organisms that compete fro space
For humans, these sponge properties have been used for pharmacological use
□
§
○
•
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism: photosynthetic cyanobacteria or algae that live in sponge and exchange nutrients
○
Commensalism: other marine orgs in habit sponges for shelter because of porous nature of
sponges
Shrimp example: Spongicola shrimp male female pair enters glass sponge, grow large and
cannot leave so they copulate and release young out of small holes in sponge
§
○
•
Multicellularity
*multicellularity is a derived trait of Metazoa as not all opisthokonts are multicellular
yes
no
Heterotrophy no no
Extracellular Digestion
maybe
yes
Diplontic
Spermatozoa
Zygote to Blastula
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Intro to Metazoa (animals); Sponges (26)
Monday, February 26, 2018
12:09 PM
Animals = Diplontic
Phylogeny of Metazoa
Sister taxa of choanoflagellates with in overall family of opisthokonts
Small group of aquatic protists (unicellular or colonial)
○
Have collar cell that Is ovoid with a collar of microvilli
Similar to choanocytes in sponges, and other animals
§
○
Moves via flagellum
○
•
Homologies of metazoan signal genes that are similar between choanoflagellates, and animals
•
Characteristic features of Metazoa
Multicellular organisms with cell specialization, communication
(non unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Heterotrophs
•
Food is ingested (usually by extracellular means expect intracellular in sponges)
•
Diplontic
(non unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Male gametes are very distinct: Spermatozoa
(unique synapomorphy)
○
•
Unique development phases: zygote to blastula (most also go on to gastrula)
unique synapomorphy
○
•
Cell junctions (septate junction)
•
Collagen and proteoglycans in extracellular matrix
(unique synapomorphies)
○
•
Body Form and Symmetry
Symmetry: plane can divide it into two similar halves
Radial: animal is in cylinder form with many planes that divides it into equal halves
○
Bilateral: single plant divides animal into left and right halves
○
•
Bilateral Symmetry
Distinct anterior and posterior ends
○
Cephalization: anterior end differentiates into a head and concentration of sensory organs
occurs
○
Segmentations: repetition of body parts in defined units
○
•
Animal Development (look on slide about blastula stuff)
Gastrulation: cell layers form by invagination of blastula
•
Sponges
Features
Asymmetrical gutless animals
○
Have Aquiferous system of water canals
○
Differentiated cell types but no tissues or organs
○
Cells enforced with collagen and spicules (skeletal elements)
○
All aquatic, most marine
○
8500 species (majority are demosponges)
○
Adults sessile, larvae motile
○
Most filter feeders on microscopic particles
○
•
Aquiferous system
Water flows into many pores (ostia) and exits through exit pores (oscula) which is propelled by
flagella of choanocytes on the inside of the sponge (find diagram)
○
Comes in many types of forms with many complexities but not clades but just terms for body
form
○
•
Demosponges
Have spongin (network of collagen) without spicules which have been harvested as bath sponges
○
•
Reproduction
Asexual: budding
○
Sexual reproduction: most sponges are hermaphrodites but don't self fertilized because they
produce diff gametes at different times
Sperm crosses cell barrier of choanocytes, taken in like it is a food particle and but then
once recognized
§
Larvae has cilia so that they can settle on substrate and grow
§
○
•
Ecological
Very dominant in marine environments
Sponge spicules provide physical deterrent
○
Chemicals
Have potent biochemical defenses (biotoxins)
§
Use antimicrobial agents to prevent infections
§
Chemical repellants against other organisms that compete fro space
For humans, these sponge properties have been used for pharmacological use
□
§
○
•
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism: photosynthetic cyanobacteria or algae that live in sponge and exchange nutrients
○
Commensalism: other marine orgs in habit sponges for shelter because of porous nature of
sponges
Shrimp example: Spongicola shrimp male female pair enters glass sponge, grow large and
cannot leave so they copulate and release young out of small holes in sponge
§
○
•
Multicellularity
*multicellularity is a derived trait of Metazoa as not all opisthokonts are multicellular
yes
no
Heterotrophy no no
Extracellular Digestion
maybe
yes
Diplontic
Spermatozoa
Zygote to Blastula
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Intro to Metazoa (animals); Sponges (26)
Monday, February 26, 2018 12:09 PM
Document Summary
Sister taxa of choanoflagellates with in overall family of opisthokonts. Small group of aquatic protists (unicellular or colonial) Have collar cell that is ovoid with a collar of microvilli. Similar to choanocytes in sponges, and other animals. Homologies of metazoan signal genes that are similar between choanoflagellates, and anim. Multicellular organisms with cell specialization, communication (non unique synapomorphy) Food is ingested (usually by extracellular means expect intracellular in sponges) Male gametes are very distinct: spermatozoa (unique synapomorphy) Unique development phases: zygote to blastula (most also go on to gastrula) unique synapomorphy. Collagen and proteoglycans in extracellular matrix (unique synapomorphies) Symmetry: plane can divide it into two similar halves. Radial: animal is in cylinder form with many planes that divides it into equal halves. Bilateral: single plant divides animal into left and right halves. Cephalization: anterior end differentiates into a head and concentration of sensory or occurs. Segmentations: repetition of body parts in defined units d animals alves sory organs.
