BIS 2C Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Platypus, Homo Sapiens, Polytomy
29 Aug 2016
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Clicker question: if we gave the family name scarabidae to d, e, g, h that taxon would be: paraphyletic. B/c it consists of the mrca but not all of its descendants! (missing f) Outgroup(s) = used to root the tree and polarize characters; closely related to the ingroup but not actually part of it. Polytomy = used to indicate ambiguity in the branching patterns. Reflect uncertainty among relationships of the groups we are studying due to gaps of fossil records, missing some taxa, missing some data, and conflict among taxa. **how do you fix polytomy: add more taxa. Clicker question: the duck is more closely related to both kangaroo and platypus. Look at the nodes to determine relationships. The shared node for duck, kangaroo and platypus near the root, not the one shared by platypus, kangaroo, wolf and panda. Phylogeny = shows the relationships among a set of taxa.
