NEM 10V Lecture Notes - Lecture 51: Extracellular Fluid, Nematology, T Cell

QuestionGroup: #51 Innate immune 1

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51

What is the name of a chemical substance responsible for stimulating an immune response?

A

Pathogen

B

Rotomers

C

Antigen

D

Antibody

E

Troll receptor

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QuestionGroup: #52 Innate immune2

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52

What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

A

To aid T cells in fighting local infection

B

To kill infected B cells

C

To help balance electrolytes

D

To inhibit adhesion, and growth of the certain microbes

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QuestionGroup: #53 Innate immune3

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53

The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

A

The lysozyme attacks the bacteria through the blood.

B

The lysozyme are not strong enough to get rid of bacteria.

C

The lysozyme breaks down the polysaccharide walls of different bacteria.

D

The lysozyme will tell your body to get rid of the bacteria by vomiting.

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QuestionGroup: #54 Adapt immune 1

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54

In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

A

Antigen trigger the the production of vaccines.

B

Antibodies will trigger responses in the antigen which will cause an inflamation.

C

Antigens trigger responses of the antibodies which will recognize the antigen.

D

Antibodies will be able to recognize other antibodies and destroy them.

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QuestionGroup: #55 Adapt immune2

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55

An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

A

When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

B

When the immune system is not present

C

When the body attacks the antigens and antibodies of the immune system

D

When the autonomic nervous system attacks the antigen and antibodies of the immune system

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QuestionGroup: #56 Adapt immune3

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56

Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

A

Agglutination-- they just clump with each other (blocking antigen)

B

Precipitation-- force insolubility and settled out of solution along with antigens

C

Complement fixation-- proteins attach to antigen surface (causing cell lysis)

D

Neutralization-- bind to specific sites to prevent antigen attachment

E

All of the above

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QuestionGroup: #57 Infectious disease

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57

The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

A

Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

B

Herpes Simplex

C

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

D

Human pappathe virus tentis (HPVT)

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QuestionGroup: #58 Infectious disease2

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58

Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

A

Retretoxin and maitotoxin

B

Retretoxin and butotoxin

C

Endotoxins and exotoxins

D

Lipotoxin and exotoxin

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QuestionGroup: #59 Infectious disease3

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59

Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

A

Mucous membranes use B cells only and are resistant to antigens

B

Mucous membranes in the sex organs differ from those of the skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body

C

STDs are transmitted through sex only

D

STDs are usually caused by viruses

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QuestionGroup: #60 HIV/ AIDS

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60

HIV has which of the following characteristics?

A

It has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which causes the DNA to reverse the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA.

B

It is a retrovirus meaning that it reverses the order of protein production in that the virus affects the DNA in the cell to make the protein.

C

It is an anti-retrovirus meaning that it attacks the DNA causing the development of new HIV particles.

D

It has a short incubation period which means that the symptoms show up also immediately after infection.

1.List the steps of the immune response in the correct order, fromfirst to last. (First, Second, Third)

2.Match each item with the correct "line of defense" it isclassified under. (Surface Barrier, General Defense, ImmuneResponse)

5.Who is credited with designing the first vaccine?

6.The flu (influenza) vaccine is generally administered as aninjection, often referred to as the flu shot. Can the flu shot giveyou the flu?

7.Getting a vaccine is similar to getting the actual disease insome ways. For example, when you get a vaccine, yourimmune system produces antibodies that will protect you from future exposures tothe actual disease.

True or False?

8.Getting a vaccine is NOT similar to getting the actual disease insome ways. For example, when you get a vaccine, you should notexperience outward symptoms of the disease you were vaccinatedagainst.

True or False?

9.Numerous scientific studies have shown that there is NO LINKbetween vaccines and autism.

True or False?

1. Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing
infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is:
A. Having a high degree of multi-valency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers
B. Having high affinity for the antigen
C. Being present at a high concentration in the circulation
D. Being efficient at activating the complement cascade
E. Having a long half-life in the body

2. IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under certain circumstances, IgG antibodies will activate the complement pathway. One example of a situation in which IgG binding to its antigen will
NOT trigger the complement cascade is when:
A. The IgG antibodies bind to a multivalent soluble antigen in solution, such as a polysaccharide structure shed from a bacterial pathogen.
B. The IgG antibodies bind to a viral capsid protein that is present in more than 100 copies on the viral particle surface.
C. The IgG antibodies bind to a bacterial surface by recognizing a repetitive polysaccharide component of the bacterial capsule.
D. The IgG antibodies are binding self-antigens such as chromatin released from dead cells.
E. The IgG antibodies are neutralizing a bacterial toxin protein by blocking the receptor-attachment site on the toxin.

3. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important effector mechanism in immunity to virus infections. This immune pathway has also been exploited for clinical applications. For instance, patients with
various disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and some B cell lymphomas, are treated with an antibody directed at CD20, a surface receptor expressed on all B cells. This antibody leads to the depletion of B cells from the patients by the actions of:
A. Natural killer (NK) cells
B. Cytotoxic CD8 T cells
C. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells
D. Activated macrophages
E. The complement cascade membrane attack complex