NEM 10V Lecture 50: Urinary system

. The kidneys contain millions of _________, which are the smallest functional units of the kidneys since each one can make urine from blood.

2. There are 3 stages in urine formation. The first stage is called____________; during this stage, blood pressure pushes water and small solutes out of a ball of capillaries called the __________ into the first part of the renal tubule called the _________ _________.

3. The second stage of urine formation is called _________. Cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) have special projections called _________ which increase their surface area, thus enabling the PCTs to transport about 70% of filtrate back into blood.

4. When a person is dehydrated, their blood volume and blood pressure are too low. Two hormones reduce the loss of sodium and water from the body during dehydration by concentrating urine to prevent further water loss. The first hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is called __________; this hormone stimulates sodium retention by nephrons. The second hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and is called _________; this hormone cause water retention by nephrons.

5. ___________is the waste product of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis). This waste product must be eliminated from the body because it becomes toxic at high levels. This waste product combines with water in blood to form carbonic acid, which is then converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ions lower blood pH, causing it to become too acidic. Kidneys are able to sense high H+ levels in blood and actively transport hydrogen ions (and other toxic blood borne chemicals) from blood into urine during ___________, the third stage of urine formation.

6. Urine and blood differ in composition. In a healthy person, blood contains _________ , __________, and _________ but urine DOES NOT these materials.

7. Urine moves from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder due to __________, a form of motility wherein _________ muscle tissue in the ureteral walls undergoes rhythmic waves of contractions.

8. The kidneys are located in the ___________ cavity; ureters conduct urine to the urinary bladder which is located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis joint of the _________ bones.

9. The three major systems which participate in the excretion of cellular wastes from blood include: the __________ system which eliminates urea and excess electrolytes like sodium; the ___________ system which eliminates water and salt; and the ____________ system, which eliminates carbon dioxide.

10. When the bladder is full, the _____________ reflex is initiated. During this reflex, the bladder walls contract and the ________ ________ sphincter, a circular structure made of _______ ______tissue, relaxes. Upon sensing an urge to urinate, a person can consciously contract their _______ _______ sphincter, a circular structure made of ________ ________ tissue - this stops the flow of urine out of the bladder and into the urethra until the time is convenient to urinate.

REFERENCE CITATIONS: _______________________________

Please help me check my answers and correct them if needed.Thank you!

1. Which statement regarding malnutrition is true?

2. Movement of the stomach/stomach lining upward into esophagusor diaphragm is termed what?

3. Which of the following is a function of the liver?

4.
Which of the following regarding malnutrition is true?

5. What is protein-carbohydrate malnutrition? A person who:

6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?

7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?

8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?

9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?

10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?

11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?

12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?

13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?

14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.

15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?

16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?

17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?

18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.

19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?

20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.

21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?

22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?

23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?

24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.

25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.

26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?

27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?

28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?

29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?

30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?