NEM 10V Lecture Notes - Lecture 60: Nematology, Electron Transport Chain, Photon

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6 May 2018

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Nematology

Photosynthesis:

• Photosynthesis is the process by which sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are combined

in plants to form glucose and oxygen.

• Leaves are the primary location for this process.

• The upper surface of the leaf is a waxy cuticle and epidermis.

• Below this is the chlorophyll rich palisade mesophyll where the bulk of photosynthesis

occurs in chloroplasts.

• Below that is the spongy mesophyll that has open spaces for reactants to move through.

• Through that space stretches the vascular bundle with xylem to transport water and

nutrients, and phloem to transport sugars after photosynthesis

• Below that is another layer of epidermis, and cuticle.

• Spaced around the lower epidermis, and the cuticle are the stomata with guard cells on

either side.

• When stomata open or close, due to shape changes, carbon dioxide moves into the

mesophyll, and oxygen moves out.

• Photosynthesis is a series of light-dependent reactions followed by a series of light-

independent reactions

• In the light-dependent reactions, light energy is converted to ATP, and NADP+ accepts

electrons, and becomes NADPH.

• Light-independent reactions follow and are not powered by light.

•

• ATP, and NADPH provide energy for the dark reactions.

• This is where glucose is actually synthesized from carbon dioxide, and water.

• The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts that

contain chlorophyll.

• Chlorophyll, and other pigments are organic molecules that can absorb light

• A pigment absorbs a photon of light, and electrons are excited.

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Related Questions

1. What protects the leaf against desiccation and stress from other environmental factors? Select one: a. Stomata b. Mesophyll c. Epidermis d. Cuticle

2. Match the monocot stem terms to their definitions.

a) support the stem structurally and are dead fibrous cells that have thick walls

Answer choices: Parenchyma Phloem Sclerenchyma Xylem

b) transport water and nutrients up from the roots

c) characterized by large vacuoles, which store nutrients and food.

d) transport sugar formed in the leaves by photosynthesis to the rest of the plant to be used as food.

3. Match the eudicot stem terms to their definitions.

a)surrounds and protects the vascular bundle	Answer choices: Parenchyma Collenchyma Pericycle Cambium Pith
b)center portion of the stem
c) located underneath the collenchyma
d) strengthen young stems and synthesize food
e) contains cells that divide to produce new xylem and phloem

4. Suppose you chop down a plant in the woods and bring it home to examine. You cut a cross section of the stem and you note that it has pith in the center. How would you classify this plant?

5. You encounter a shrubby-looking plant that you cannot tell if it has true wood or not. Upon cutting it open cross-sectionally, you note a layer of cork cambium. What does this tell you?

What is the function of the phloem? Select one: a. Phloem carries nitrogenous wastes to the roots where the waste leaves the plant. b. Phloem carries water and minerals to the rest of the plant from the roots. c. Phloem carries water from the leaves to the rest of the plant. d.

Phloem transports sugar down from the leaves to the rest of the plant. How do the cells of the xylem compare to the cells of the phloem? Select one: a. The xylem cells have thin cell walls, whereas the phloem cells have thick cell walls. b. The xylem cells are large, whereas the phloem cells are small. c. The xylem cells have chloroplasts, whereas the phloem cells do not have chloroplasts. d.

The xylem cells are square, whereas the phloem cells are round. From which part of the stem tissue is wood made? Select one: a. spongy mesophyll b. the cuticle c. old layers of xylem and phloem d. central parenchyma Flat leaves lose water to the environment more readily than pine needles do.

Which statement describes a structural characteristic of flat leaves that accounts for this difference? Select one: a. Flat leaves have a thicker coating of waterproof wax. b. Flat leaves have more surface area. c. Flat leaves have a thicker epidermis. d. The stomata of flat leaves are sunken into the leaf.

1. Select the true statements concerning tracheids.

	Tracheids are responsible foranchoring the plant to a substrate.
	Pterophytes lack tracheids but haveeuphylls.
	Without tracheids colonization ofland would not have been possible.
	All of the large dominant extantland plants are tracheophytes.
	Tracheids allow for efficienttransport of water over longer distances.