NEM 10V Lecture Notes - Lecture 60: Nematology, Electron Transport Chain, Photon
Nematology
Photosynthesis:
• Photosynthesis is the process by which sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are combined
in plants to form glucose and oxygen.
• Leaves are the primary location for this process.
• The upper surface of the leaf is a waxy cuticle and epidermis.
• Below this is the chlorophyll rich palisade mesophyll where the bulk of photosynthesis
occurs in chloroplasts.
• Below that is the spongy mesophyll that has open spaces for reactants to move through.
• Through that space stretches the vascular bundle with xylem to transport water and
nutrients, and phloem to transport sugars after photosynthesis
• Below that is another layer of epidermis, and cuticle.
• Spaced around the lower epidermis, and the cuticle are the stomata with guard cells on
either side.
• When stomata open or close, due to shape changes, carbon dioxide moves into the
mesophyll, and oxygen moves out.
• Photosynthesis is a series of light-dependent reactions followed by a series of light-
independent reactions
• In the light-dependent reactions, light energy is converted to ATP, and NADP+ accepts
electrons, and becomes NADPH.
• Light-independent reactions follow and are not powered by light.
•
• ATP, and NADPH provide energy for the dark reactions.
• This is where glucose is actually synthesized from carbon dioxide, and water.
• The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts that
contain chlorophyll.
• Chlorophyll, and other pigments are organic molecules that can absorb light
• A pigment absorbs a photon of light, and electrons are excited.
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