PSC 1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Pluralistic Ignorance, Matching Principle, Reciprocal Altruism
PSC 001 – Lecture 16 – Social Psychology
● Overview
○ “oial psholog: The sietifi stud of ho people’s thoughts, feeligs, ad
behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
● Group Biases
○ In-Group Favoritism: Tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege
members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup
■ We’e ette tha the.
■ Us vs Them
● Ex: UC Davis (we go to this school)
○ Out-Group Homogeneity: Tendency to see other groups as less varied than our
own
■ The’e all the sae
● E: “a “tate e do’t got to this shool
○ Ethoetis: Belief that oe’s o ultue/ethi goup is supeio to all
others and the related tendency to use own group as a standard by which to
judge other groups.
■ Specific type of ingroup favoritism
○ Why group biases? Potentially adaptive
■ Group membership once linked to survival
■ If our groups do well, we do well
● Women tend to show greater ingroup favoritism than men do for
eachother
● Behaving in Front of a Group
○ Social facilitation: When the mere presence of others enhances performance
■ Ex: cyclists road faster when they were in a race or competition
○ Chokig ude pessue: Aiet soeties huts pefoae
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■ Performing in front of others does not help with performance. Once
anxiety is diminished, performance improves. Some people do better
when nobody is watching.
○ Zajonc Model of Facilitation
■ Dominant Response: Response most likely to be performed in a particular
situation
● Habits or well-practiced skills
● Procedural memory
● If the required response is easy or well learned, the dominant
response is good performance.
● Being Lost in a Group
○ Deindividuation: State of reduced individuality; reduced self-awareness, and
reduced attention to personal standards; may occur when people are part of a
group
■ Loss of self-awareness, less likely to act in accordance with values or
beliefs
■ More likely if aroused and anonymous, and when responsibility is
diffused
● Rioting, looting, & mob behavior
● Dancing & cheering
○ Stanford Prison Experiment
■ The power of the situation
● Randomly assigned to be prisoners or guards
● Guards became very aggressive
○ Guads adapted to thei ole e uikl, guads did’t
use their real name
○ Due to individuation
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○ We do hat e thik e’e epeted to do
● Not Behaving in a Group
○ Social loafing: Tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when
working alone
■ Ma hads ake light ok
■ Pooled, anonymous efforts lowers personal responsibility
● e.g., “oeoe else ill do it, I do’t at to e the suke ho
does all of the ok
■ More difficult to coordinate members
● Hard to figure out to even out the work between members, or
hard to find a iem where everyone can meet
○ Reducing Loafing
■ Make individual contributions identifiable & avoid anonymity
■ Emphasize value of individual contributions & make personally involved
in the task
■ Avoid too-large groups
● Conformity
○ Cofoit: The alteig of oe’s ehaios ad opiios to ath those of othe
people o to ath othe people’s epetatios
○ Ash’s Cofoit “tud
■ How do you respond when others are wrong?
■ 75% conformed at least once, even with no direct pressure to conform
● Confederate: a person who knows about the study but is
pretending to be a participant
● Sometimes people go along with the wrong answer to avoid
discomfort of disagreeing with the group
● It’s uofotale
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Document Summary
Psc 001 lecture 16 social psychology. O(cid:272)ial ps(cid:455)(cid:272)holog(cid:455): the s(cid:272)ie(cid:374)tifi(cid:272) stud(cid:455) of ho(cid:449) people"s thoughts, feeli(cid:374)gs, a(cid:374)d behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. In-group favoritism: tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup. Ex: uc davis (we go to this school) Out-group homogeneity: tendency to see other groups as less varied than our own. E(cid:454): a(cid:272) tate (cid:894)(cid:449)e do(cid:374)"t got to this s(cid:272)hool(cid:895) Eth(cid:374)o(cid:272)e(cid:374)t(cid:396)is(cid:373): belief that o(cid:374)e"s o(cid:449)(cid:374) (cid:272)ultu(cid:396)e/eth(cid:374)i(cid:272) g(cid:396)oup is supe(cid:396)io(cid:396) to all others and the related tendency to use own group as a standard by which to judge other groups. If our groups do well, we do well. Women tend to show greater ingroup favoritism than men do for eachother. Social facilitation: when the mere presence of others enhances performance. Ex: cyclists road faster when they were in a race or competition. (cid:862)choki(cid:374)g(cid:863) u(cid:374)de(cid:396) p(cid:396)essu(cid:396)e: a(cid:374)(cid:454)iet(cid:455) so(cid:373)eti(cid:373)es hu(cid:396)ts pe(cid:396)fo(cid:396)(cid:373)a(cid:374)(cid:272)e.
