BIO SCI 45 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Red Blood Cell, White Blood Cell, Antibody
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When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?
| A. | Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells. | |
| B. | Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection. | |
| C. | Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection. | |
| D. | A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others. | |
| E. | It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them. |
There is antibody-mediated and cell-mediated specific immunity. Which type of cells are primarily involved in the antibody-mediated immune response?
| A. | Macrophages | |
| B. | B cells | |
| C. | Complement proteins | |
| D. | T cells | |
| E. | Antigens |
From the bacteria's perspective, why is it helpful that it produce diarrhea in people?
| A. | Because it gets the bacteria out of the person and, likely, into the next one | |
| B. | It's not helpful really. That's just what that toxin causes. | |
| C. | Because that quickly kills the person | |
| D. | Because it makes the patient too unpleasant to be around | |
| E. | Because there is no real treatment for that |
Where do prions come from?
| A. | There are prion-like particles in the brain normally, and when these become abnormal they can cause disease. | |
| B. | Mosquitoes. | |
| C. | They are clumps which form from normal prion-like particles in the blood that travel to the brain. | |
| D. | They are introduced by infectious protozoa. | |
| E. | Contaminated water. |
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?
| A. | It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is. | |
| B. | It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area. | |
| C. | It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI. | |
| D. | Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors. | |
| E. | It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area. |
The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?
| A. | Non-specific immunity | |
| B. | Cell-mediated immunity | |
| C. | Natural immunity | |
| D. | Specific immunity | |
| E. | Passive immunity |
If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?
| A. | Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with. | |
| B. | Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva | |
| C. | Acid in the stomach | |
| D. | Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract | |
| E. | All of the above |
What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?
| A. | Engulf and eat it | |
| B. | Kill it | |
| C. | Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection. | |
| D. | Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection. | |
| E. | Engage helper T cells to fight the infection |
There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?
| A. | Complement proteins | |
| B. | Macrophages | |
| C. | B cells | |
| D. | Interferons | |
| E. | Natural killer cells |
When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?
| A. | Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells. | |
| B. | Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection. | |
| C. | Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection. | |
| D. | A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others. | |
| E. | It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them. |
Some people suffer from adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.ADA is an enzyme necessary for the immune systems T-cells tofunction properly. Helper T-cells activate B cells which secreteantibodies which are proteins that help fight against infection.When ADA is lacking due to an autosomal recessive mutation, theimmune system is extremely impaired and afflicted individuals aresusceptible to chronic infections. There are several differenttechniques that have been utilized in an attempt to treat ADAdeficient individuals: Chelsea received a bone marrow transplantfrom her father at four months of age. His healthy cells populatedher bone marrow, replacing her defective cells with normal, healthycells that produce the needed enzyme. She is now doing quite welland has functioning T and B cells in circulation. Michael receivedADA manufactured using recombinant DNA technology. Unfortunately,the enzyme stays in the blood for only a few minutes before beingbroken down - not long enough to restore immunity. Michael hassince passed away from a fatal viral infection. Shelley wasselected for gene therapy when a bone marrow donor could not befound for her. Her T-cells were separated and treated with aretrovirus which delivered a functional ADA gene to the T-cells.These T-cells were then re-infused back in to her body. Her immunesystem gradually began to function, but the treatment had to berepeated every few weeks as the genetically altered T-cells beganto die off. Todd had gene therapy like Shelley, but it wasperformed on hematopoietic stem cells from his bone marrow ratherthan on mature, circulating T-cells. Todd soon had many normallyfunctioning T cells and antibodies circulating in his blood for thevery first time. He even grew tonsils, which are typically absentin folks with ADA deficiency. Todd's ADA activity rose to 25% ofnormal levels, enough to provide limited immunity. To date hehasn't required any additional gene therapy.
Shelley needed to repeat her treatment (gene therapy) whereTodd and Chelsea did not because:
Shelley s treatment altered only the phenotypic deficiency notthe genotypic mutation. | ||
Shelley s treatment altered the genotypic deficiency not thephenotypic mutation. | ||
Shelley s treatment involved germ-line therapy, which is moretransient. | ||
Shelley s treatment didn't activate the proper genes in herT-cells. |
