BIOL 178 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Follicular Phase, Uterus, Menopause

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ultramarinecrab458

6 Mar 2020

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The human menstrual cycle: follicular phase: follicular phase, 1st part of the ovarian cycle, dominated by developing follicles in the ovary, follicle: oocyte (egg cell) + surrounding cell layers. Secrete hormones: follicular cells surrounding the oocyte: Thecal cells: synthesized androgens under the influence of lh. The dominant follicle : secretes large amount of e and inhibin lh and fsh drop to very low levels. Increases its expression of lh and fsh receptors becomes highly sensitive to gonadotropins: becomes more vascularized gets increased delivery of. Lh & fsh: other follicles do not undergo these changes cannot survive under conditions of very low lh and fsh undergo atresia, uterus. Rising e growth of endometrium (proliferation phase) (~days 6-14) The human menstrual cycle: ovulation: ovulation, release of ovum from follicle, triggered by lh surge in response to e surge (positive feedback, hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-axis, sustained high e from developing follicles exerts positive feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary:

Related Questions

Please briefly explain reasoning for all questions.

Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all correct choices.)

	glomerulus
	Bowman's capsule
	renal tubules
	collecting ducts
	Malphigian tubules

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are best described as: (select all correct choices)

	impermeable.
	permeable.
	semipermeable.
	diffusible.
	impervious.

True or false: The inner cell mass of the blastocyst becomes the embryo, while the outer cell layer of the blastocyst forms part of the placenta.

	true
	false

Which of the following accurately characterizes the early cleavage divisions in most animals, although not necessarily in mammals?

	They do not involve an increase in the size of the zygote.
	They are directed by the zygoteâs genome.
	They are relatively slow.
	They do not occur at the same time, so at any given moment the zygote may have an odd number of cells.
	All of these choices are correct.

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that:

	LH and FSH are released only in females.
	LH and FSH are released only in males.
	LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.
	LH is released in males and FSH is released in females.
	LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction: (select all correct choices)

	requires less investment in attracting mates.
	allows much more rapid population growth.
	is rarely found as the sole mechanism of reproduction.
	results in the production of genetically identical cells or individuals.
	involves meiosis and fertilization as core processes.

True or false: In response to LH and FSH, ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.

	true
	false

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, if the oocyte is not fertilized, a number of events occur which are listed below. Select the answer that places the events in the correct chronological order.

Events:
1. the lining of the uterus is shed
2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
3. follicle cells are converted to the corpus luteum
4. the corpus luteum degenerates
5. estrogen and progesterone levels fall

	3, 2, 4, 5, 1
	1, 2, 3, 4, 5
	2, 4, 3, 1, 5
	4, 3, 2, 1, 5
	5, 2, 3, 4, 1

If an antibody is missing its Fc fragment, what would happen if this antibody encounters its target antigen in the bloodstream? Select all correct choices.

	The antibody would be able to bind the antigen at a specific epitope.
	The antibody would be able to bind the antigen, but not at an epitope site.
	The antibody would not be able to bind to the antigen.
	The antibody would be able to activate components of the complement system.
	The antibody would not be able to activate components of the complement system.

10)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individualâs immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.

	Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
	Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
	Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
	Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

11)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individualâs immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.

	Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
	Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
	Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
	Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

12)

Which of the following statements is true regarding T cell receptors? Select all correct choices.

	They recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
	They contain variable and constant regions.
	They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
	They are formed by the rearrangement of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
	They can be found in the bloodstream independent of T cells.

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BIOL 178 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Follicular Phase, Uterus, Menopause

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