PSYC 002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Julian Rotter, Carl Jung, Electra Complex
• Personality- Traits and patterns that determine how a person thinks and acts.
•
o Hipocrates- theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on
four temperaments associated with four fluids of body
o
▪ Choleric- excited, active
▪ Melancholic- anxious, worried
▪ Sanguine- playful, social
▪ Phlegmatic- calm, reasonable
o Gallen- temperaments decide behaviors and diseases
o Franz Gall- distances between bump;s on the skull reveal a person's personality
traits, character, and mental abilities.
o
▪ Called phrenology.
o Sigmund Freud- medical doctor
o
▪ Divided and theorized the workings of the unconscious mind
▪ 1/10 of mind is conscious
▪ Id, superego, and ego
▪ Imbalances in the mental system can lead to neurosis, anxiety disorders, or
unhealthy behaviors
▪ Defense mechanisms.
▪
▪ Denial, Displacement, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction
Formation, Regression, Repression, Subimination
▪ Psychosexual stages of development
▪
▪ Child's pleasure
▪
▪ Oral stage 0-1 years
▪ Anal 1-3
▪ Phallic 3-6
▪
▪ Oedipus Complex for guys, Electra Complex for
girls
▪ Latency 6-puberty
▪ Genital puberty-
▪ Alfred Adler- created individual psychology, which focuses on our drive
to compensate for feelings of inferiority
▪
▪ Inferiority complex- a person's feelings that they lack worth
▪ Importance of social connections in early life
▪ Three fundamental social tasks
▪
▪ Occupational
▪ Societal
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▪ Love
▪ Believed conscious processes more important than unconscious
▪ Birth orders may influence personality as well.
▪ Erik Erickson- Individual's personality develops throughout the life span
▪
▪ eight stages of personality development
▪ Carl Jung- Analytical psychology
▪
▪ worked to balance conscious and unconscious though
▪ Collective unconsciousness- mental patterns and traces common to
all, ancestral memories
▪
▪ archetypes- the memories themselves
▪ Introvert vs Extrovert
▪ Karen Homey- Normal growth can be blocked by basic anxiety stemming
from needs not being met early on
▪
▪ 3 coping styles
▪
▪ Moving towards people- affiliation and independence
▪ Moving against people- aggression and assertiveness
▪ Moving away from people- detachment and isolation
o Learning perspectives
o
▪ Behavioral- shaped by reinforcements and consequences outside of the
organism
▪ Social-cognitive- Both learning and cognition are sources of personality
▪
▪ Reciprocal determinism- cognitive process, behavior, and context
determine each other
▪ Observational- learn from other's behaviors and consequences
▪ Self-efficacy- level of confidence in our own abilities
▪ Julian Rotter- locus of control
▪
▪ Our own beliefs about the power we have over our lives
▪ Internal- I am in control
▪ External- I have no control
▪ Walter Michel- Self regulation
▪
▪ aka will power
▪ Marshmallow test for kids
▪ Also found that people's behaviors were similar without
influence from situations.
▪ Humanistic approach
▪
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▪ Self-concept- How we see ourselves; Our opinions and traits we
give ourselves
▪
▪ Ideal self- how you want yourself to be
▪ Real self- what you really are
▪ Congruence- when the ideal self matches the real self
▪ Biological approach
▪
▪ Heritability- proportion of difference among people that are
attributed to genetics
▪ Two-dimensions of temperament that are important to adult
personality
▪
▪ Reactivity- how we respond to new/challenging stimuli
▪ Self-regulation- how we can control the response
▪ Three types of temperaments proposed by Thomas and Chess
▪
▪ easy
▪ difficult
▪ slow to warm up
▪ Traits- characteristic ways of behaving
▪
▪ Allport- three types
▪
▪ Cardinal- dominates entire personality
▪ Central- make up personalities
▪ Secondary- not as obvious
▪ Five factor theory (Ocean)
▪
▪ Openness
▪ Conscientiousness
▪ Extroversion
▪ Agreeableness
▪ Neuroticism
▪ Culture- refers to all the beliefs, customs, arts, and traditions
▪
▪ Selective migration- people choose to move to places that
are compatible with their personalities and needs
▪ Individualist vs collective cultures
▪ Personality Assessment
▪
▪ Self-report inventories- Usually 1-5 scales
▪
▪ Minnesota Multiphasic Personalty Inventory
▪
▪ True/False
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