FIN 4504 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Accrued Interest, Corporate Bond, Market Price
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Minicase 1
Interest Rates, Bond Yields, and Duration
CONCEPTS IN THIS CASE
simple loans
fixed-payment loans
coupon bonds
present value
yield-to-maturity
current yield
nominal and real interest rates
rate of return
capital gain
interest-rate and reinvestment risk
duration
You have been hired to analyze the debt securities of your organization. The firm has outstanding loans and bonds. A quick review of the balance sheet shows the following:
Liability | Nominal | Years to | |
Selected Liabilities of the firm | |||
Simple Loans | 800 | 5% | 1 |
Fixed-Payment Loans | 5,000 | 12% | 19 |
Long-term Bonds #1 | 500,000 | 10% | 4 |
Long-term Bonds #2 | 1,080,000 | 10% | 10 |
Liabilities Total | 1,585,800 | ||
Market Price for Bond #1 | 930.50 | ||
Market Price for Bond #2 | 859.50 | ||
Face Value of Each Bond | 1,000.00 | ||
Selected Current Assets of the firm | |||
Marketable Securities: | |||
Treasury Bills | 100,000 |
Note: Treasury Bills have a $10,000 face value, which matures in one year. Each Treasury Bill has a cost of $9,580.00
How much interest would the firm pay each year on the simple-interest loan?
How much would you write a cheque for to pay off the loan in one year?
What is the monthly payment needed to pay off the fixed-payment loans?
What is the current yield for each bond if the current price is:
$930.50 for Bond #1?
$859.50 for Bond #2?
What is the expected yield to maturity for each bond?
Bond #1 selling for $930.50?
Bond #2 selling for $859.50
What is the rate of capital gain if both bonds sell for $900.00 in one year?
Bond #1 selling for $930.50 today?
Bond #2 selling for $859.50 today?
If the Yield to Maturity expected by investors changes to 11%:
What will be the market price of Bond #1?
What will be the market price for Bond #2?
What will be the dollar change in price for Bond #1?
What will be the dollar change in price for Bond #2?
What will be the percent change in price for Bond #1?
What will be the percent change in price for Bond #2?
Since the change in expected yield to maturity is the same, why is the amount of change different between the bonds?
If investors holding our 4-year bonds (Bond #1) receive interest income annually for four years, plus the face value of the bonds at maturity,
What will be the total interest earned on the bond over the next four years?
What will be the face value received at maturity?
Given the following projected income stream for Bond #1:
Projected Reinvestment Rates | ||||
Year | Coupon | Face | 10% | 5% |
1 | 100 | |||
2 | 100 | 10.00 | 5.00 | |
3 | 100 | 21.00 | 10.25 | |
4 | 100 | 1000 | 33.10 | 15.76 |
Total Income | 400 | 1000 | 64.10 | 31.01 |
What is the total cash available over the next four years to the bond holder earning
10%
15%
What is the average annual rate of return for the bond holder earning
10%
15%
Why does the reinvestment rate affect the annual rate of return for the same bond?
If the expected rate of return on our bonds is 10%, what is the duration of Bond #1?
What is the yield to maturity on the Treasury Bills (a discount bond)?
What is the real rate of interest if the nominal rate is 10% and the inflation rate is 3%?
Copyright © 2000–2001 Addison Wesley Longman, a division of Pearson Education
Adaptation copyright © 2002 Pearson Education Canada
Bond valuation
The process of bond valuation is based on the fundamental concept that the current price of a security can be determined by calculating the present value of the cash flows that the security will generate in the future.
There is a consistent and predictable relationship between a bond’s coupon rate, its par value, a bondholder’s required return, and the bond’s resulting intrinsic value. Trading at a discount, trading at a premium, and trading at par refer to particular relationships between a bond’s intrinsic value and its par value. These result from the relationship between a bond’s coupon rate and a bondholder’s required rate of return.
Remember, a bond’s coupon rate partially determines the interest-based return that a bond (might/will)...........pay, and a bondholder’s required return reflects the return that a bondholder(would like/is obligated).............to receive from a given investment.
The mathematics of bond valuation imply a predictable relationship between the bond’s coupon rate, the bondholder’s required return, the bond’s par value, and its intrinsic value. These relationships can be summarized as follows:
• | When the bond’s coupon rate is equal to the bondholder’s required return, the bond’s intrinsic value will equal its par value, and the bond will trade at par. |
• | When the bond’s coupon rate is greater to the bondholder’s required return, the bond’s intrinsic value will (be less than/exceed/equal)................ |
• | When the bond’s coupon rate is less than the bondholder’s required return, the bond’s intrinsic value will be less than its par value, and the bond will trade (at a premium/at par/at a discount)............................. |
For example, assume Liam wants to earn a return of 5.00% and is offered the opportunity to purchase a $1,000 par value bond that pays a 8.75% coupon rate (distributed semiannually) with three years remaining to maturity. The following formula can be used to compute the bond’s intrinsic value(Link to the formula : http://q4pws.aplia.com/q4pws/rest/1.0/image/image9594/img.png?data=q4%3AREMOTE_URL%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Faplia-prod-webjboss-372923237.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com%2Fproblemsetassets%2Fq4_export%2Ffinance%2Fq4problems%2F3061500.08.xml%2CV5%2C291%2C1%2CSTUDENT%2CSTUDENT%2C0%2Cq4pws-aplia-7.6.4-G2f8d8babd91356776c6b2ec65d5e2a2153b4d346-B36-2015.12.16-03%3A57-PM-PST&oauth_signature=jG%2Fu63kSgI9xRhXign5JItWfpAQ%3D&oauth_version=1.0&oauth_nonce=3573483745&oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1&oauth_consumer_key=q4-callback&oauth_timestamp=1454953012
Complete the following table by identifying the appropriate corresponding variables used in the equation.
unknown --------------------- variable name ---------------------variable value
A --------------------- (Bondholders required return/Bonds annual coupon payment/Bonds semiannual coupon payment)---------------------($21.88/$65.63/$87.50/$43.75)
B--------------------- (Bonds par value/bonds annual coupon payment/semiannual coupon payment) ---------------------$1000
C--------------------- semiannual required return -------------------- ($5.75/$3.81/$4.38/$2.5)
Based on this equation and the data, it is (reasonable/unreasonable)...................to expect that Liam’s potential bond investment is currently exhibiting an intrinsic value greater than $1,000.
Now, consider the situation in which Liam wants to earn a return of 5.75%, but the bond being considered for purchase offers a coupon rate of 8.75%. Again, assume that the bond pays semiannual interest payments and has three years to maturity. If you round the bond's intrinsic value to the nearest whole dollar, then its intrinsic value of ($757/$866/$1407/$1082).................is (equal to/greater than/less than).............................its par value, so that the bond is trading at (par/a discount/a premium)..............................
Given your computation and conclusions, which of the following statements is true?
(a)When the coupon rate is greater than Liam’s required return, the bond should trade at a discount.
(b)A bond should trade at a par value when the coupon rate is greater than Liam's required return
(c) When the coupon rate is greater than Liam’s required return, the bond's intrinsic value will be less than it's par value
(d) When the coupon rate is greater than Liam’s required return, the bond should trade at a premium