ZOO 4605 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Scrotum, Congenital Heart Defect, Anterior Pituitary

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ZOO 4605-A001

05/14/18

Bring 3 scantrons



Need certain physiological conditions and hormones to have a child

Need good hygiene and specific diet

A certain lifestyale

Increases genetic disorder or malformations

Hygiene

Lifestyle

oHaving multiple partners (brothers)

oReligion

oDrugs

Can affect development of embryo

Has direct effect of development on CNS and heart

Man and woman equally affect the child

Sperm

structure is important

oHead covered by acrosome membrane

Underneath acrosome we have important enzymes

Acrosine

Prostaglandin

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Dissolving superficial membrane of ovum

Head of sperm is able to penetrate ovum

Head of sperm contains nucleus with 23

chromosome (paternal)

First 22 are somatic and last is sex (X or Y)

oNeck of sperm (mid-peice)

Contain mitochondria

Create ATP which provide energy

oTail

Allows it to swim in female reproductive tract

Abnormal sperm cannot fertilize ovum

Semen contain sperm and other factors which come from seminal vesicle and prostate gland

Factors which give energy to sperm

oCitric acid

oFructose

oProstaglandin (again)

Controls relaxation and contraction of female reproductive tract

Facilitates sperm movement in reproductive tract

Located in the semen and beneath the acrosome membrane on the

head of sperm

oZinc

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oCalcium

Factors give energy to sperm and control mobility

Should measure all of the measurements of these factors in sperm to determine fertility

of male

We need normal anatomical structure in males and females

Abnormal structures

oMale reproductive tract

Obstruction or closure of vas deferens

Carries sperm

Having abnormal tumor in testes

Testes Secrete estrogen

Male need small amount of estrogen

When male has excessive estrogen production, stem cells will

remain in testicle and become a benign tumor

Obesity

Have more fat tissue which contains an enzyme called

aromatase enzyme

Normally converts testosterone into estrogen which is

necessary for last step of development of sperm

Over secretion of aromatase which exists in fat tissue

will create more estrogen which will make men look for female

Will have some developed breast tissue

oOvum

Age of female

Too young may increase malformation risk because her body is

not ready for healthy pregnancy

13-14

Too old (over 45) are also at risk for abnormal child

After release of enzymes from sperm. Head of sperm penetrates into ovum and each contains

23 chromosomes

Fusion of combination of male and femal chromosomes creates 46 chromosomes

oCalled a zygote

One cell with 46 chromosome

Before fertilization, sperm and ovum have myotic cell division but after

fertilization they have mitotic cell division

Mitotic division

Zygote becomes two cells and is now called a

blastomere

2 cells of blastomere

Then becomes 4 cells of blastomere

Between 8-16 cells it is called a morula

Multiple cells are called a blastocyst

Blastocyst has two groups of cells

One that is spiral across and one that is

spiral around

The one that is across is called

embryoblast

Will be future embryo

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The one that is around (peripheral) is

called trophoblast

Tropho means food and will be

the future placenta

Blastocyst formation occurs at day 7 of

pregnency and is then ready for implantation in endometrium

of uterus

Implantation can occur either in lateral

wall, anterior wall, but mostly in the posterior wall

because it is a good place for sleeping for 9 months

Menstrual cycle

Has 3 phases

Has a total of 28 days

First two weeks of menstrual cycle

oThe level of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) increases and controls

maturation of follicle and ovum in ovary

Day 13-15 is called mid cycle

oFSH level drops then LH (luteinizing hormone) level increases

LH controls last step of follicle maturation after FSH and controls

ovulation

Ovulation is the rupture of the follicle

Ovulation is the Elimination of ovum from follicle and migration

of ovum from ovary toward the fallopian tube

Good time for pregnancy is the last days of second week and the third week as long as

there is sperm

oThis is called the mid cycle

If there is no sperm or fertilization cannot occur

oLH level decreases

oEstrogen level decreases

oProgesterone level decreases

Progesterone maintains and prepares the endometrium for

implantation of ovum and embryonic development in endometrium

oFSH level increases

Even during menstruation is controls the follicle development for

menstruation

oAnd we have rupture of blood vessels in endometrium of uterus and

menstruation occurs for 5-7 day s

Sperm should reach ovum in the ampulla of the fallopian tube

Ampulla is the thicker part of the tube

Menstruation

As doctor, first thing you should ask is about menstruation

oAmount of menstruation and the type of bleading (light heavy etc) and duration

is important

oIf menstruate for 2 weeks, they have hormonal problem or abnormal tissue of

endometrium (endometriosis) or fibrioma (abnormal endometrium or myometrium)

heavy menstrual periods and long period durations

How do you control heavy bleeding

Check the sex hormones

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Document Summary

Need certain physiological conditions and hormones to have a child. Has direct effect of development on cns and heart. Man and woman equally affect the child. Head of sperm is able to penetrate ovum. Head of sperm contains nucleus with 23 chromosome (paternal) First 22 are somatic and last is sex (x or y) o o. Allows it to swim in female reproductive tract. Semen contain sperm and other factors which come from seminal vesicle and prostate gland. Factors which give energy to sperm o o o o. Controls relaxation and contraction of female reproductive tract. Located in the semen and beneath the acrosome membrane on the head of sperm. Factors give energy to sperm and control mobility. Should measure all of the measurements of these factors in sperm to determine fertility of male. We need normal anatomical structure in males and females. When male has excessive estrogen production, stem cells will remain in testicle and become a benign tumor.

ZOO 4605 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Scrotum, Congenital Heart Defect, Anterior Pituitary

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