HIST 8B Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Agustín De Iturbide, Plan Of Iguala, Spanish Constitution Of 1812
Lecture 8
Insurgency revived in Nueva Granada
● Bolivar gives concessions to castas
● Alliance with Llaneros
○ widens social basis of revolution
● 1819: National Congress in Angostura: Constitution
○ more conservative: weary of pure democratic liberalists
○ against democracy
○ follows British model
○ strong executive: hereditary
○ 2 chambers
● 1819: Bolivar crosses the Andes
○ joins forces w/ other commander to capture capital of Bogota
● Battle of Boyaca
● 1819: Independence of Colombia
○ Bogota, New Granada and Venezuela now under republican control
○ Panama and Caracas still royalist
● Patterns: social classes, interests being promoted, leaders of the struggles, economic
relations- how they relate to the political invents
○ the roles of casta, gender, race, trade, economy, development of ideologies,
how each class interprets/ chooses ideology
● Republicanism: keep monarchy as political legitimacy
■ grants Spaniards dominion
● 1820: Liberalists force the King to sign Constitution
○ convinces criollos to declare independence
1820-21: Mutiny and Independence
● 1820: Royal Army Mutinies
● Constituion of Cadiz restored: Spain under Liberal rule (1820-23)
● Soldiers of the King’s army are sent to Argentina to pacify revoluntionaries, soldiers
show mutiny and ask for Liberalist Constitution
○ force King to sign constitution
○ no more absolutism
● Constituion of 1812 becomes a model for Latin American constitutions
● Cadiz tries to negotiate with Colonies
○ refuse to give Criollos economic and political freedoms
● A government more liberal than revolutionaries
○ members of elite class decide to break off to make more conservative
government w/out economic/ political freedoms
○ conservative project
○ lower classes follow educated elite
○ rebels negotiate w/ royal commanders
○ republican constitution
● Conservatives take control of Independent Republics
find more resources at oneclass.com
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● Liberals v. Conservatives: confronted ideologies that determine the political
events of Latin America
Independence of Mexico
● Viceroyalty of New Spain fights for independence
● 1815-1820: Insurgency limited to scattered Guerrillas
● Vicente Guerrero, Insurgent commander
○ mestizo
● Agustin de Iturbide: Royal commander
○ sent to crush revolutionary movements in Mexico
○ decide to negotiate an alliance w/ rebel forces
○ create a single rebel army composed of all the guerrillas and Iturbide’s troops:
the army of the Three Guarantees (political pact: Constitutional independent
monarchy)
○ plan to make a new kingdom based on Cadiz Constitution
● Plan de Iguala: Three Guarantees (to ensure elites’ privileges)
○ 1) An independent monarchy
○ 2) Catholic monopoly of religion
■ liberalism promotes freedom of thought
■ army and church keep fueros: terrified of liberal rebels
○ 3) Unity of all social classes
■ lands of Spaniards cannot be taken away
○ Invite bourbon royalty to rule
○ Vice Royalty signs the Three Guarantees
● Iturbide becomes regent of Monarchy of Mexico
○ army create a charade of anarchy: Iturbide becomes dictator “to pacify” and
become emperor
○ no noble blood
○ liberals criticize Iturbide: no legitimacy
● Emperor compromises all of New Spain and Central American provinces
● 1st Mexican Empire 1822-1823
● Iturbide absolves Congress, takes commerce from viceroyalty in order to act as an
emperor
● The commanders that made a pact w/ Iturbide revolt against Iturbide
○ Atonio Lopez de Santana: royal officer turned insurgent, located by Veracruz
○ Santana declares himself a republican and sides w/ liberals and against Iturbide
■ rebels against Iturbide w/ his troops and liberalists
■ 1823: first coup detat
■ Iturbide flees the country
■ birth of Mexican republic
Birth of the Republic 1824
● Atonio Lopez de Santa Anna becomes the first president of Mexico
○ Guadalupe Victoria 1824-1828
● Plan de la Casa Mata
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
More conservative: weary of pure democratic liberalists. 2 chambers follows british model joins forces w/ other commander to capture capital of bogota. Bogota, new granada and venezuela now under republican control. Patterns: social classes, interests being promoted, leaders of the struggles, economic relations- how they relate to the political invents the roles of casta, gender, race, trade, economy, development of ideologies, how each class interprets/ chooses ideology. 1820: liberalists force the king to sign constitution. Constituion of cadiz restored: spain under liberal rule (1820-23) Soldiers of the king"s army are sent to argentina to pacify revoluntionaries, soldiers show mutiny and ask for liberalist constitution force king to sign constitution. Constituion of 1812 becomes a model for latin american constitutions. Cadiz tries to negotiate with colonies refuse to give criollos economic and political freedoms. Members of elite class decide to break off to make more conservative government w/out economic/ political freedoms.
