LIFESCI 15 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Ultimatum Game, Reciprocal Altruism, Gestational Diabetes
2/1/18 Midterm: 2/8 at 6 -7:30pm Haines 39 20 mc, 6 short answer
I. Inbreeding and unexpected cooperation
II. Mother’s loe ad uepeted oflit
III. Reciprocal altruism can reduce conflict
IV. Reciprocity instills us with a sense of fairness
Kindness: Why and when?
- Shared genes: more or less, depending on
o Our coefficient of relatedness
o The relative costs and benefits of the act
- Reciprocity: more or less, depending on:
o Repeated interactions
o Signals concerning the likelihood of reciprocation
▪ Reputation
▪ Costs/benefits of the action
▪ Words and actions attesting to your intentions (honest signals are better)
Your avenues to enhancing cooperation
- Tinker with the perceived costs and benefits
o Reduce the perceived cost to the other person
o Accentuate the benefit that ou’ll reeie fro the ooperatio
- Distinguish cheaters and kind people
o Facilitate the building of reputations
o Use hoest sigals that a’t e faked
o Keep track of and punish cheaters
- Reduce the perceived vulnerability of partners
o Making the first step: gifts
o Acknowledge debts clearly and concretely
- Reducing perceived vulnerability of potential altruists
o Perceiving gifts (and favors) properly is as important as giving gifts
▪ Thank-you notes: essential
▪ Acknowledgement of debts: essential
▪ Eye contact: essential
• Changing lanes time decreases a lot when you roll down the window and make
eye contact with the person behind, makes them feel like you owe them now
▪ Using names: essential
- Assurances of future reciprocity are motivating
Unexpected cooperation
- (ants, bees, wasps)
o Females are diploid, and males are haploid
o Daughter all get all of father’s gees ad ol half of the other’s gees
o Coefficient of relatedness:
▪ Mother → daughter = 0.5
▪ Female → sister = 0.75
▪ Result? Better to forego reproduction and care for sisters
- Naked mole rats
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Document Summary
Reciprocity instills us with a sense of fairness. Shared genes: more or less, depending on: our coefficient of relatedness, the relative costs and benefits of the act. Reciprocity: more or less, depending on: repeated interactions, signals concerning the likelihood of reciprocation, reputation, costs/benefits of the action, words and actions attesting to your intentions (honest signals are better) Tinker with the perceived costs and benefits: reduce the perceived cost to the other person, accentuate the benefit that (cid:455)ou"ll re(cid:272)ei(cid:448)e fro(cid:373) the (cid:272)ooperatio(cid:374) Distinguish cheaters and kind people: facilitate the building of reputations, use (cid:862)ho(cid:374)est sig(cid:374)als(cid:863) that (cid:272)a(cid:374)"t (cid:271)e faked, keep track of and punish cheaters. Reduce the perceived vulnerability of partners: making the first step: gifts, acknowledge debts clearly and concretely. Better to forego reproduction and care for sisters. I(cid:374)(cid:272)e the(cid:455)"re isolated i(cid:374) their o(cid:449)(cid:374) (cid:271)urro(cid:449)s, the s(cid:373)all populatio(cid:374) has (cid:271)ee(cid:374) inbred a lot a lot.
