PSYC 3103 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Colwyn Trevarthen, John Bowlby, Attachment In Adults
10/26/17
● Development of sociality
○ Motivation is potential/a readout
● Sociality exists as a potential
○ Potential activated by experience
○ Early love + nurturance
● John Bowlby(1900’s)
○ Distress, despair, detachment
○ Distress: child inconsolable
■ Detachment was an indifference
● Permanent damage of attachment relationships
● Showed necessity for undifferentiated psyche to be exposed during
critical periods to attachment
○ Critical periods
■ Attachment object becomes safe base for exploring the environment
○ Ainsworth
■ Strange situation
■ 1. Mother with infant
■ 2.Joined by stranger
■ 3. Mother leaves
■ 4. “Returns, stranger leaves”
■ 5.Mother leaves
■ 6.Stranger returns
■ 7. Mother returns, stranger leaves
○ Secure attachment
■ Infant notice mother leaving
■ Secure infant: sure they were loved + supported by others
■ Some infants very upset by stranger, child very upset, mother returns child unish
mother for returning
■ SUggest infant not assured of love + support from others is worried about others
■ Some infants didn’t care , most pathological style, avoidant, detached, did not
respond
■ Infants show mixed attachment, avoidant with some people, relates to
relationship with particular person
○ Shaver: Adult attachment
■ Secure anxious avoidant style in romantic relationships
■ Secure adults: positive views of self and partners
■ Avoidant/Fearful: avoid because afraid of rejection, view selves as self sufficient
independent, do not need close relations
■ Avoidant/Dismissive: Do not care for relationships
■ Anxious/Preoccupied:
10/31/17
● Attachment genetically based potential
○ Realized through social experience
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○ Communication leads to empathy
○ How do we know the minds of others?
■ Descartes: direct access only to own mind
○ 1. Cognitivist: share common representations + meanings given by language and
metarepresentational abilities
■ THEORY THEORY: generates theories of mind
■ EMBODIED SIMULATION: built in mirror systems
○ 2. Non conceptual: direct apprehension of other minds
■ Emotional displays
■ Embodied interactive processes
● Mutual contingent responsiveness
○ When infant responds, other responds to this response, infants know they are responding
to response
■ Caregiver + infant mutually interacting
● Primary intersubjectivity
■ Colwyn Trevarthen EXPERIMENT
● Mother infant interact over TV
○ Natural interaction
■ Child is directly apprehending mind of mother as displayed in emotional displays
+ interactive process
● Involves reciprocity: one reciprocates behavior of the other
● Protoconversation
● “Raw” emotional empathy
○ Genetically base potential in mutual contingent responsiveness: raw beginnings of
sociality
○ Primary intersubjectivity is transformed into higher levels of cognitive empathy
■ Still Face Experiment
● Mother plays with 1 yo, work to coordinate emotions + intentions
● Mother then is still, baby tries to get interaction back, react with negative
emotion, feel stress of it
○ Experiment demonstrates how primary intersubjectivity occurs/is
maintained
● Birth: imitation
● By 2 months: primary intersubjectivity
○ still face
● 9 months: secondary intersubjectivity
○ 3rd element: infant, caregiver, other object
○ Called social referencing: reference other object
● 20 months: tertiary intersubjectivity
○ Negotiate about value of things including self
○ First signs of embarrassment
5 years: mature cognitive empathy
● Explicit understanding of mental states of others
○ THEORY OF MIND (ToM)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Showed necessity for undifferentiated psyche to be exposed during critical periods to attachment. Attachment object becomes safe base for exploring the environment. Secure infant: sure they were loved + supported by others. Some infants very upset by stranger, child very upset, mother returns child unish mother for returning. Suggest infant not assured of love + support from others is worried about others. Some infants didn"t care , most pathological style, avoidant, detached, did not respond. Infants show mixed attachment, avoidant with some people, relates to relationship with particular person. Secure anxious avoidant style in romantic relationships. Secure adults: positive views of self and partners. Avoidant/fearful: avoid because afraid of rejection, view selves as self sufficient independent, do not need close relations. Descartes: direct access only to own mind. Cognitivist: share common representations + meanings given by language and metarepresentational abilities. When infant responds, other responds to this response, infants know they are responding to response.
