BME 80H Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Heredity, Mendelian Inheritance

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tealantelope800

11 Jun 2018

School

UCSC

Department

Biomolecular Engineering

Course

BME 80H

Professor

Wendy Rothwell

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Lecture #1- History and Social Impact (chapter 1)

I. History of Genetics

A. The Early Beginnings: pre-Mendel

1. (8000B.C.) Transition from nomadic (hunter-gatherers) to agrarian culture

due to selective breeding of plants and animals.

-Practical understanding only (not molecular) - they understood that you take seeds

from better plants, but not how they were transferred

2. Early ideas on HOW the traits are transmitted:

Hippocrates (400B.C.) On Generation

All parts of the body, particularly the brain, produce substances

"humors" that get collected together to provide the material for

heredity. Humors from the male and female were blended to produce

the offspring

Aristotle (384-322B.C.) argued against Hippocrates' ideas noting that:

-traits skipped generations

-body parts lost in adults (say someone loses a limb) is still present in the

children which goes against this theory, but because he did not propose a

new theory this one stuck

3. (1600s) Preformation hypothesis dominated biology.

-this was the next dominant belief

-tiny preformed human = homunculus

-spermastic was the belief that the tiny human was in the sperm

-oovisitic was the belief that it was found in the egg

-note it cannot be both which is why it was disproven because offspring has traits

from both parents

-reason for this theory was that early microscopes were poor and it looked as

though tiny humans were inside

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Document Summary

Lecture #1- history and social impact (chapter 1: history of genetics, the early beginnings: pre-mendel, (8000b. c. ) Transition from nomadic (hunter-gatherers) to agrarian culture due to selective breeding of plants and animals. Practical understanding only (not molecular) - they understood that you take seeds from better plants, but not how they were transferred: early ideas on how the traits are transmitted: All parts of the body, particularly the brain, produce substances. humors that get collected together to provide the material for heredity. Humors from the male and female were blended to produce the offspring. Aristotle (384-322b. c. ) argued against hippocrates" ideas noting that: Body parts lost in adults (say someone loses a limb) is still present in the children which goes against this theory, but because he did not propose a new theory this one stuck: (1600s) preformation hypothesis dominated biology. Spermastic was the belief that the tiny human was in the sperm.

Related Questions

In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?

Landraces are not edible by humans; classical bred crops can be eaten

Landraces are grown in dry conditions; classically bred crops are wetland species

Landraces are often (though not always) developed by unintentional processes; classically bred crops are developed by intentionally breeding for desired traits using modern techniques

Landraces cannot be harvested using domesticated animals; classically bred crops can be harvested using domesticated animals.

Landraces have no means of seed dispersal; classically bred crops can readily disperse their seeds

Which of the following types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting?

Vertical farms

Community gardens

Alternative farms (crickets, caterpillars, other arthropods)

All of these types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting

CSA farms

If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

Plant species that rely on _______ pollination produce much more pollen than those using other methods.

Choose the single best answer

The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Disperse seeds.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

Create oxygen.

Defend themselves.

Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?

How many children the person had

The time of year the person died

How many conflicts they have been part of

The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains

The type of plants they may have been consuming

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

High within variety and low between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity

High between variety diversity

The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:

Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication.

Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication

Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins.

Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source

Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated

Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:

Producing the first transgenic plant.

His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases.

Creating the FlavrSavr tomato.

His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation.

His discovery of the area of origin for maize.

______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?

A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously.

Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway.

Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants.

A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added.

A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not.

In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ