HINE 116 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Arab Christians, Turkification, Arab Nationalism
Lecture 12 – The Age of Empire and Nationalism
Summary of Previous Lecture
• Empire of Difference: Millet system
o Ottoman sultan ruled the different millets through millet leaders
• Taziat’s notion of equality
o Reforms looked up to European liberal ideas
▪ Notions of liberty, equality, individual civil rights
▪ Contradicted with the millet system
• Patterns of emergent nationalisms within millets
o The Greek, Armenian, Arab, and Turkish communities
• The Case of Arab nationalism
o Arab provinces that were still apart of the ottoman empire at the turn of
the century
❖ The Case of the Arabs:
• Commerce and Trade Networks
o More and more agricultural regions were linked to the world market
o Mostly the Arab Christians in the local population learned international
trade and finance
o They often entered foreign protection
o The prosperous Arab Christian community started to articulate the
consciousness of an Arab culture and civilization that looked beyond the
Muslim-Christian divide
• Reforms and Communal Tensions
o The increase in Christian prosperity, social, and cultural ascendancy
o Their new freedom to ring church bells, carry crosses, and erect new
Christian establishments
o Anti-Christian riots
▪ Aleppo in 1850
▪ Nablus in 1856
▪ Damascus in 1860
o Abdulhamid selects Arab leaders into his administrative structure but
after 1908 Young Turks start Turkification of the bureaucracy
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2
• Historical Visions
o The term qawm eaig a people is eployed to refer to Aras:
▪ Later qawmiyya will come to be used for Arab nationalism
o The term watan meaning homeland is used more and more as the
imaginary Arab homeland
▪ Later wataniyya will come to correspond to patriotism
o Together with the revival of Arabic literature flourished visions of a
renewed Arab civilization that would once more unite its inhabitants as it
had done in the past
• Education and Publishing
o French Jesuits and American Presbyterians competed for influence;
founded modern schools
o The Ottomans, as part of the reforms of Tanzimat, established many
Western-style schools in Syria
o The Ottoas also eouraged Ara otales hildre to e eduated i
the modern military and civilian schools in Istanbul
o The schools brought printing presses to publish manuals and they helped
the proliferation of several newspapers and periodicals
• Al-Nahda
o Arab cultural renaissance
o The many graduates of the new schools and literary figures working in
the journals, periodicals created a revival of the Arab language
o Butrus al-Bustani
o Nasif al-yaziji
o Michael Mishaqa
o Syrian Associaion for the Sciences and Arts (1847)
o Syrian Scientific Society (1852)
• Political Organizations
o Emire Abdelkder Al-Djezairi (1808-1883)
▪ Algerian religious and military leader
▪ Also, an Islamic scholar and Sufi
▪ Fought against the French invasion for several years
▪ First imprisoned in France and then exiled to Damascus
❖ Trends of Suffrage
• One of the reasons for rising nationalisms and the loyalty of the masses to their
national governments:
o Ordinary men started to vote
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Document Summary
Lecture 12 the age of empire and nationalism. Muslim-christian divide: reforms and communal tensions, the increase in christian prosperity, social, and cultural ascendancy, their new freedom to ring church bells, carry crosses, and erect new. Trends of suffrage: one of the reasons for rising nationalisms and the loyalty of the masses to their national governments, ordinary men started to vote. 2: they felt they (cid:449)ere (cid:271)e(cid:272)o(cid:373)i(cid:374)g (cid:858)part of the syste(cid:373)(cid:859, women also began to demand the right to vote, suffragist movements in europe in america. Modern anti-semitism: beginning in france in 1791: jews gradually gained civil rights. I(cid:374) the (cid:1005)(cid:1012)(cid:1009)(cid:1004)(cid:859)s a(cid:374)d (cid:1010)(cid:1004)(cid:859)s li(cid:271)erals i(cid:374) austria, italy and prussia pressed successfully for legal equality: the process of emancipation presented jews with challenges and opportunities. In 1881-82 a wave of violet pogroms in southern russia. The german empire: bismarck tried to stop the growth of socialism, under bismarck germany became an industrial and military power matching.
