BISC104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Covalent Bond, Amine, Monosaccharide

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tealgrasshopper591

6 Nov 2018

School

University of Delaware

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BISC104

Professor

Dr.Patricia Walsh

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Document Summary

Relative amounts of hydrogen ions (h+) and hydroxide ions (oh-) Can bond to 4 different atoms at once. Large organic molecules -- building blocks of cells. Molecules of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. Roles in the cell; enzyme, transport, contraction, hormones, etc. Amino acids connected by peptide bonds (covalent bond) Amino group (left), carbon (center), carboxyl group (right) Molecules of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorous. Two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. Food source: meat, fish, beans, nuts, dairy. Must be in our diet, we cannot make them. Ones that the body cannot synthesize, they need to be in our diet. Source: hydrogenation of vegetable oil (some natural sources) Cis: when hydrogens are on the same side. Trans: when hydrogens are on different sides. Nutrients that are needed in small quantities. *only vitamin we can synthesize is vitamin d (need sunlight)

Related Questions

1. Use the following definitions and phrases to describe to which molecules of life and their subunits it belongs:

a. Energy-storing molecule, typically water soluble - b. Subunits are called monosaccharides â c. Used to speed chemical reactions - d. Subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds - e. Most prevalent molecule in cell membranes - f. Some of them function as hormones - g. Used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information - h. Subunits are nucleotides

2. Weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the many properties of water. Acidity is expressed as pH. Buffers stabilize pH. a. What characteristics of water molecule makes it polar? Provide two examples why this property is important in microbiology. b. What is the role of buffers in living organisms, including microbes? c. What must be added to pure water to decrease OH- and/or H+ concentration, respectively

3. Carbohydrates serve as storage molecules and structural material. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules; phospholipids are main component of cell membranes. Protein has a complex structure based on identity and sequence of amino acids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are genetic station of storage information and for synthesis of proteins. ATP serve as the main energy source in the living cell. a. Name the subunits (building blocks) of carbs, simple lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids b. What level of protein structure is described as an alpha helix? c. If DNA is placed in boiling water, what and how the molecule would change?

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

Life Chemistry LabReport

Elements of Living Organisms
Name the five most abundant elements found in the humanbody.

Cells organize into tissues which work together to form

What is the difference between an atom and an element?

Molecules

Is glucose an atom or molecule? What are the atoms inglucose?

How many bonds can oxygen form?

Is C₆H₁₂O₆ a molecular orstructural formula? What is the name of this molecule?

Based on lab, Section II, draw and label a ball and stickrepresentation of a carbon dioxide, water and ethyl alcoholmolecule. Use circles to designate atoms and lines for bonds, thenindicate the chemical symbol for each atom. Sign, date and preparean image of your drawing and include it with this lab report.

Molecular Make Up of Living Organisms

Name the four groups of organic molecules.

_______ are the most abundant organic molecules in livingorganisms.

Name a polysaccharide, monosaccharide, protein and alipid.

Go to the lab, Section 3, Exercises 2, 3, 4 and 5 to completethe following table:

Type of Organic Molecule	Reagent	Sample Tested	Positive Color	Negative Color
Carbohydrate (starch)	Iodine
Sugar	Benedictâs solution
Lipid (fat)	Sudan IV
Protein	Biuret

Go to the lab, Section 3, Exercise 6 to locate starch in potatocells. Describe the microscopic appearance of starch in terms ofcolor and location within the cells.

Measurement of pH

What substance has an equal number of hydrogen ions(H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH^-)?

What is the pH of the above substance?

How does the addition of hydroxide ions (OH^-) affectthe pH of your stomach?

Go to lab, Section 4, Exercise 7 to test the pH of commonsolutions. Which solution tested had a pH closest to neutral? Whichsolution was most acidic?

Summary Questions

What is the smallest subunit of carbohydrates?

Which reagent could be used to test for diabetes?

A member of your family has a high blood cholesterol count. Yousee âfat freeâ crackers in the grocery store and decide to test theproduct for the presence of lipids. How would this testproceed?

A family member has been cautioned about eating foods high insugar. Explain how a test could be run for the presence ofsugar.

Explain how to test for the presence of protein in milk.

A friend complains of stomach acidity. Which substance testedmight safely help relieve your friendâs symptoms?

Explain how solutions are classified as acids or bases. Then,give an example of a weak acid.

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BISC104 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Covalent Bond, Amine, Monosaccharide

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