BISC300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Polyploid, Mycelium, Flagellation

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goldsnake224

27 Feb 2018

School

University of Delaware

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BISC300

Professor

Thomas Hanson

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Document Summary

8:14 pm: purple= things said in class, not on slides. Explain functions of cell envelope and surface components. Describe the contents of the cytoplasm including specialized structures. Lysosyme is an enzyme that breaks bonds within peptidoglycan which degrades the cell wall. If cells are treated with either of the above, they lyse in a hypotonic solution. Hypotonic - water concentration is higher on the outside of the cell than it is on the inside, so water moves in to try to even out the concentration and you end up lysing the cell. Capsules-usually polysaccharides, not easily removed from cell, protective. Slime layer similar to capsule, but easily removed. Can wash off the cell without too much effort. Can visualize slime layers and capsules by negative staining. Harder to get proteins out of cell than polysaccharides. Cytoplasm - material bounded by the plasmid membrane. Ftsz many bacteria ~(similar to)tubulin forms ring during septum formation in cell division.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Which of the following statements about the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is false?

	a.	It resists attachment of the bacterial chromosome to its inner surface.
	b.	It contains a protein complex that drives ATP synthesis.
	c.	It is asymmetric.
	d.	It consists of relatively equal amounts of phospholipids and proteins.

1 points

QUESTION 2

Which of the following statements regarding Mycobacteria is false?

	a.	The genome has relatively low Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) content.
	b.	The cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by a polymer (peptidoglycan) consisting of alternating N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-Acetylmuramic (NAM) acid units.
	c.	It infects approximately one-third of the global human population.
	d.	It has a Gram-positive cell wall with an additional waxy lipid layer of mycolic acid.

1 points

QUESTION 3

Which of the following outer membrane porins enables Mycobacteria to adapt to acidic and intracellular environments, and shows homology to outer membrane porin A?

	a.	OmpATb.
	b.	OmpA.
	c.	MspA.
	d.	Lipid A.

1 points

QUESTION 4

Based on your understanding of bacterial membranes, which of the following is not likely to be found in an E. coli outer membrane?

	a.	Membrane-anchored enzymes.
	b.	Mycolic acid.
	c.	Lipopolysaccharide.
	d.	Porin channels.

1 points

QUESTION 5

Based on the conclusions of this paper, which of the following statements would the author most likely disagree with?

	a.	Some archaeon do not contain all of the genes essential for life.
	b.	The membrane structures of prokaryotes show far greater diversity than those of eukaryotes.
	c.	As demonstrated in this definitive report, scientists have a great understanding of the majority of basic functions and evolution of bacterial membranes.
	d.	The outer membrane (and its associated components) of archaea, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria likely evolved independently of one another.

1 points

QUESTION 6

Which of the following is not true for Gram-negative, acid-fast, and archaeal membranes?

	a.	They modify their lipid content in response to environmental changes.
	b.	They have co-evolved the same outer membrane composition and structure.
	c.	They all have a cytoplasmic membrane.
	d.	Membrane transport proteins regulate nutrient uptake and waste removal.

1 points

QUESTION 7

Compared to Mycobacteria, Gram-negative bacterium contain:

	a.	More mycolic acid.
	b.	Pores of increased length.
	c.	Less peptidoglycan.
	d.	50-fold-lower numbers of porins.

1 points

QUESTION 8

Archaea are found to survive in strongly acidic lakes compared to bacteria and Eukaryotes. Which of the following supports this claim according to the study?

	a.	The presence of L-glycerol ether linked lipids in Archaea membranes.
	b.	The presence of D-glycerol ether linked lipids in Archaea membranes.
	c.	The presence of L-glycerol ester linked peptidoglycans in Archaea membranes.
	d.	The presence of L-glycerol ester linked lipids in Archaea membranes.

1 points

QUESTION 9

Based on your understanding of the symbiotic relationship between Nanoarchaeum equitans and Ignicoccus, which of the following below is not true?

	a.	The membrane lipids of N. equitans are synthesized by Ignoccocus.
	b.	In exchange for membrane lipids, N. equitans provide Ignicoccus with many essential cytoplasmic enzymes.
	c.	N. equitans lack enzymes capable of catalyzing lipid biosynthesis.
	d.	Intraperiplasmic vesicles produced by Ignicoccus allow for lipid transfer to N. equitans.

1 points

QUESTION 10

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in bacteria, as mentioned in the article?

	a.	They mediate transmembrane electron flow.
	b.	They mediate lipid biosynthesis.
	c.	They help to stabilize the cytoplasmic membrane.
	d.	They are responsible for the selective permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane.

37.The major function of the cell wall is

(A) to facilitate cell divison (B) to serve as a diffusion barrier

(E) to serve as an anchor for proteins

38.Penicillin and vancomycin prevent cross-bridge formation between

(A) diaminopimelic acid and D-glutamic acid (B) L-alanine and D-alanine

(E) D-glutamic acid and D-alanine

39.An outer membrane is found in

(A) all cells (B) all prokaryotes

(E) all Gram-positive bacteria

40.The complex of DNA polymerase with its accessory components is called

(A) nucleoid (B) nucleus

(E) setpum

41.Which of the following is the bacterial homolog of tubulin?

(A) FtsZ (B) MreB

(E) MinD

42.Which of the following is an actin homolog that helps maintain cell shape?

(A) FtsZ (B) MreB

(E) MinD

43.Which of the following is least involved in photosynthesis?

(A) phycobilisomes (B) thylakoids

(E) stalks

44.Capsule is composed of

(A) nucleic acids (B) lipoproteins

(E) murein

45.Pili and fimbriae are composed of

(A) nucleic acids (B) lipopolysaccharides

(E) amino acids

46.Which of the following subcellular structures is involved in adherence?

(A) gas vesicles (B) storage granules

(E) phycobilisomes

47.As temperatures drop, membrane fluidity decreases. Which of the following changes to phospholipids will help maintain correct bacterial membrane fluidity under cold temperatures?

(A) Formation of lipid monolayer.

(B) An increase in the length of the fatty acid tails.

(D) An increase in saturated fatty acids.

(E) A switch from ester linkages between fatty acids and glycerol to ether linkages.

48.Which of the following statements regarding chemotaxis is true?

(A) Attractants cause counterclockwise rotation of the flagella that makes the cells tumble

(B) Attractants cause clockwise rotation of the flagella that makes the cells run

(D) Attractants cause clockwise rotation of the flagella that makes the cells tumble

(E) None of the above is true.

49.With 5 g of NaCl available, how much water is needed to make a solution at a concentration of 10 mg/mL?

(A) 0.5 mL (B) 5 mL

(E) 5 L

50.How much of 1 M glucose stock solution is needed to make a 500-mL solution containing 25 mM glucose?

(A) 12.5 Î¼L (B) 125 Î¼L

(E) 1.25 L

BISC300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Polyploid, Mycelium, Flagellation

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