NTDT200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Ghrelin, Energy Economics, Gout
11 May 2018
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Lecture 20
• Chapter 15 - energy balance and obesity
• Obesity = the sitting disease
• Obesity epidemic
• Complex disease influenced by multiple factors - genetics (primary factor), environment (foods we
eat), behavior (social and physical factors; like the super size me movement)
• Major killer - obesity is second only to tobacco in causing premature deaths per year
• More than 10% of the world adult population is obese
• Obesity - over 1/3 of U.S. adults in 2014
• Overweight - over 2/3 of U.S. adults in 2014
• Linked to high blood pressure
• Gout, diabetes, fatty liver, arthritis, alzheimer’s, sleep apnea, heart disease, hypertension, stroke,
erectile dysfunction in men, gastroesophageal reflux, increased risk of some cancers (colon,
esophagus, uterus, breast, pancreas, kidney, gallbladder), infertility in women, increased risk of
miscarriage and birth defects
• Obesity increases the risk of a number of chronic diseases, and ultimately increases the risk of
premature death
• Energy in, energy out
• Energy = capacity to do work
• Energy in = energy we consume
• Energy out = energy we burn
• Energy balance
• One pound of fat = 3500 kcal (500 kcal x 7 days)
• Excess body fat
• Enlarged fat cells produce excess hormones and hormone-like messengers
• Hormones cause low-grade inflammation
• Biology of hunger
• Short-term system
• Mediated by hormones
• Ghrelin - stimulates hunger before meals - grumble grumble grumble
• Nicknamed the “hunger hormone”
• Produced in the stomach
• Stimulates hunger
• Mediated by stomach pressure
• Regulates hunger and satiety before and after meals
• Long-term system
• Mediated by hormones
• Leptin - suppresses hunger
• Produced by adipose (fat) tissue
• Signals when you are full
• Adjusts food intake and energy expenditure
• Maintains adequate fat stores
• Hormones in energy balance
• Ghrelin - produced in the stomach; stimulates hunger
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Lecture 20: chapter 15 - energy balance and obesity, obesity = the sitting disease, obesity epidemic. Ghrelin - stimulates hunger before meals - grumble grumble grumble. Regulates hunger and satiety before and after meals. Basal metabolism - largest component (energy expenditure required to maintain essential functions for sustaining life) - 60% Fat-free mass (ffm) - greatest impact on bmr = lean mass. Total body mass minus fat mass (adipose tissue) The greater a person"s ffm the higher the bmr (increase) Note - know the percentage for each area. Thermic effect of food (tef) - energy needed to absorb and digest food - 10% Activity energy expenditure (aee) - most variable; physical activity - 30: basal metabolic rate (bmr, factors that affect bmr, activity energy expenditure, exercise, nonexercise activity thermogenesis (neat) - energy for everything we do that is not sleeping or. Pregnancy and lactation - increase to meet energy needs. Study examples - in infographic 15. 7 part 1.
