NTDT200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Adipose Tissue, Smoking Cessation
11 May 2018
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Lecture 21
• BMI = body mass index
• Know the BMI boundaries
• Overweight - 25-29.9
• 30 or more indicates obesity
• 40 and greater indicates morbidly obese
• Lifestyle and energy balance - factors that lead to weight gain
• Food environment
• Meal sizes - super size me
• Fewer home-cooked meals - restaurants, take-out
• Sleep deprivation
• Pregnancy
• Emotions - pain, boredom, stress, anger can lead to overeating
• Sedentary lifestyle - decreased energy output promotes a positive energy balance and weight gain
• Television - contributes to the time we spend sitting each day; viewing negatively affects out diet,
often causing us to eat more at meals, snack more often, and choose less healthy foods
• Communities - can promote weight gain by creating barriers to physical activity if there are few
sidewalks, trails, parks, or recreation centers, or if we feel unsafe
• Prescription drugs
• Smoking cessation - people often eat more and gain weight once they have quit smoking
• Genes - our genetic makeup can potently affect how well we regulate food intake, and how easily
we gain weight when we overeat
• Waist circumference
• Indicates body fat distribution
• Presence of excess visceral fat
• Stored around internal organs of the abdomen
• Estimator of abdominal organs
• Waist circumference exceeds 35 inches in women
• Waist circumference exceeds 40 inches in men
• Visceral fat is an independent health risk
• The greater the waist circumference the greater the risk of:
• Cardiovascular disease
• Type 2 diabetes
• Measuring waist circumference can easily assess the presence of abdominal obesity
• Pear-shaped - gains fat in hips and thighs
• Apple-shaped - gains fat in abdomen
• Analyzing body composition
• Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
• Underwater weighing (hydrodensitometry)
• Bioelectrical impedance
• Skinfold thickness
• Air displacement
• Weight-loss recommendations
• Individual with BMI of 30 or greater or overweight with 2 or more risk factors
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