PSYC 1101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Cognitive Map, Confirmation Bias
5 May 2018
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Concept; category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences
Cognitive Script; set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as
an event schema
Event Schema; set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a
cognitive script
Natural Concept; mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences
Prototype; best representation of a concept
Role Schema; set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
Schema; (plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related
concepts
Algorithm; problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions
Anchoring Bias; faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a
solution
Availability Heuristic; faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily
available to you
Confirmation Bias; faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
Functional Fixedness; inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for
which it was intended
Heuristic; mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
Hindsight Bias; belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t
Mental Set; continually using an old solution to a problem without results
Problem-Solving Strategy; method for solving problems
Representative Bias; faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid
basis for your judgment
Trial and Error; problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct
one is found
Working Backwards; heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
Analytical Intelligence; aligned with academic problem solving and computations
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Document Summary
Concept; category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences. Cognitive script; set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema. Event schema; set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script. Natural concept; mental groupings that are created naturally through your experiences. Role schema; set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role. Schema; (plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. Algorithm; problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions. Anchoring bias; faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution. Availability heuristic; faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you. Confirmation bias; faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs.
