IB 150 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Chemical Energy, Gibbs Free Energy, Thermal Energy

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amberalligator73

7 Aug 2018

School

University of Illinois

Department

Integrative Biology

Course

IB 150

Professor

B Clegg

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Document Summary

C. understand how the ability to perform work is related to being alive. Work is needed to carry through all the endergonic reactions in the body: explain what happens to rates of movement of water molecules in both directions across the membrane at equilibrium. Thermal energy- molecules are always moving (heat) Gibbs free energy- predicts whether rxn can occur spontaneously or not (rxn that decreases g release energy and occurs spontaneously: define the first and second law of thermodynamics. First law- energy is neither created/ destroyed (but can be transformed) More disorder- high entropy, less disorder- low entropy. Second law is used to determine which direction a system wants to move based on changes in enthalpy and entropy (@ constant temp and pressure) Then products have a higher potential for disorder. When products have lower pe stored in chemical bonds than: use the first law of thermodynamics to explain how chemical reactions reactants transfer energy from one molecule to another.

Related Questions

Select the statements that correctly represent the theory ofevolution. Select all that apply.

Evolution is partly about inheritance. Evidence of evolution isseen in structures such as wisdom teeth and the tail bone inhumans. These structures are thought to be âleft overâ from ourancestors and no longer appear to have any essential function inmodern humans.

Natural selection means that todayâs organisms are perfectlyadapted after millions of years of fine-tuning. No further changesare necessary because of all the progress that has been made bynatural selection.

We can see evidence of past natural selection in adaptationssuch as the camouflage of moths perched on the bark of their hosttree. We can also see natural selection at work today if we trackhow populations change in rapidly changing environments.

The theory of evolution does not apply to life today. It isstrictly about the history of life: what happened in the past asseen in fossils.

Scientists disagree about the main ideas of evolutionary theorybecause of incomplete or conflicting evidence.

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

The ability or tendency of organisms and cells to maintainstable internal conditions is called

metabolism

homeostasis

emergent property

evolution

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

Why do organisms maintain fairly steady conditions within theircells and bodies?

They need to keep conditions stable so that they can obtainfood.

Organisms just change along with whatever is happening in theoutside world, which is usually quite steady.

They must maintain stable conditions to keep their enzymesworking and generally to enable the chemical reactions of life.

Unstable conditions will destroy the DNA in cells; this is themost important risk for a cell facing physical or chemicalstress.

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

An organism or cell exhibits ____________ when it maintainssteady internal conditions despite changes in the outerenvironment.

homeostasis

evolution

balance

natural selection

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Which type of molecule best illustrates the very strongrelationship between structure and function in biology?

enzymes

oxygen gas

all kinds of organic matter

water

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Which best expresses how nutrients and energy move throughlife?

Nutrients flow from sunlight to organic matter to heat. Energycycles among all life forms.

Nutrients cycle among all life forms. Energy flows from sunlightto chemical energy to heat.

Nutrients and energy both are continually recycled in a greatcircle of life.

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following is not a recurring theme in biology?

Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

Energy flows through living systems while matter isrecycled.

Evolutionary processes explain both the unity and adaptivediversity of life.

All of these are recurring themes.

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Which statement about evolution is FALSE?

According to evolutionary theory, you are related to abacterium, to a yeast cell, to a snake, and to a whale. In fact,you are related to every species now alive on Earth, and to fossilspecies like dinosaurs as well.

Evolution occurs constantly, without end; there is no endpointin evolution.

Natural selection acts on genetic differences within apopulation to cause evolution. Individuals do not evolve.

Natural selection is about slow but steady progress. Through it,populations constantly get better-adapted. When this process iscompleted for all populations, evolution will come to a stop.

Question 9

Select one answer.

10 points

Imagine you have a peanut butter sandwich in front of you. Thesandwich is an example of _______.

matter

energy

Question 10

Select one answer.

10 points

You provide your gut bacteria with a warm place to live. Theyprovide you with vitamins and other services. This most directlyrepresents an example of...

shared ancestry of all life

natural selection

homeostasis

interdependence of life

It's a quiz for my life science class.

QUESTION 1

Organisms that have descended from the same initial group and have the ability to interbreed belong to the same

	A.	species.
	B.	family.
	C.	class.
	D.	genus.
	E.	order.

5 points

QUESTION 2

The simplest entity that exhibits all of the properties of life is called a(n)

	A.	molecule.
	B.	cell.
	C.	organism.
	D.	tissue.

5 points

QUESTION 3

In populations, adaptation usually arises through

	A.	responsiveness.
	B.	heredity.
	C.	metabolism.
	D.	natural selection.
	E.	development.

5 points

QUESTION 4

Scientists have found that ancient fossils

	A.	are less similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	B.	are just as similar to present-day organisms as more recent fossils.
	C.	are more similar to present-day organisms than more recent fossils.
	D.	are very similar to present-day organisms.
	E.	bear no resemblance to present-day organisms.

5 points

QUESTION 5

What is the term that describes the study of the relationship between living things and components of their environment?

	A.	herpetology
	B.	analogy
	C.	zoology
	D.	ecology
	E.	ichnology

5 points

QUESTION 6

Characteristics usually associated with life include all of the following except:

	A.	motility.
	B.	a high degree of organization.
	C.	lack of change from generation to generation.
	D.	reproduction.
	E.	responsiveness to stimuli.

5 points

QUESTION 7

The scientific name for the black-footed ferret is Mustela nigripes. The name Mustela indicates the _____________________ to which the organisms belongs.

	A.	phylum
	B.	class
	C.	family
	D.	species
	E.	genus

5 points

QUESTION 8

Which of the following is considered to be the most basic living unit?

	A.	organ system
	B.	molecule
	C.	organelle
	D.	cell
	E.	tissue

5 points

QUESTION 9

Which of the following concepts best describes the wide variety of dog species we observe, ranging from the domesticated golden retriever or the basset hound, to the wild dogs of Africa, to foxes?

	A.	preadaptation
	B.	special creation
	C.	inheritance of acquired characteristics.
	D.	taxonomy
	E.	evolution

5 points

QUESTION 10

If an ecologist is studying the cycling of carbon through a particular environment (which involes the movement of carbon through living things as well as through rock, air, and water), the scientist is studying at what level of ecology?

	A.	organismal
	B.	community
	C.	ecosystem
	D.	population
	E.	biosphere

5 points

QUESTION 11

Which list is organized from smallest to largest level of organization of life?

	A.	organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles
	B.	organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
	C.	organelles, tissues, cells, organ systems, organs, organisms
	D.	tissues, cells, organelles, organs, organ systems, organisms
	E.	cells, tissues, organ systems, organelles, organs, organisms

5 points

QUESTION 12

When examining the hierarchy of life, which of the following terms is most inclusive?

	A.	biosphere
	B.	population
	C.	species
	D.	ecosystem

5 points

QUESTION 13

The units of inheritance are

	A.	evolutions.
	B.	heredities.
	C.	genes
	D.	twins.
	E.	metabolic activities.

5 points

QUESTION 14

Organisms that undergo asexual reproduction

	A.	require another organism to reproduce.
	B.	are usually very complex.
	C.	produce offspring that are different from each other.
	D.	do not require energy to reproduce.
	E.	produce offspring that are identical to each other and to the parent.

5 points

QUESTION 15

All the living organisms in a particular area at a particular time make up a

	A.	biosphere.
	B.	community.
	C.	biosystem.
	D.	population.
	E.	ecosystem.

5 points

QUESTION 16

The first step in the scientific method is to

	A.	identify a problem.
	B.	predict the results of an experiment.
	C.	propose a solution.
	D.	draw a conclusion.
	E.	perform an experiment.

5 points

QUESTION 17

Young multicelled organisms usually start out small, then grow in size, and increase in complexity. This process is called:

	A.	heredity.
	B.	metabolism.
	C.	development.
	D.	evolution.
	E.	heredity.

5 points

QUESTION 18

To maintain order within their cells and organs, all living things must

	A.	carry on metabolism.
	B.	reproduce.
	C.	constantly change.
	D.	be able to move.
	E.	extract energy from sunlight.

5 points

QUESTION 19

Which of the following includes Highest levels of hierarchy?

	A.	family
	B.	phylum
	C.	domain
	D.	kingdom
	E.	order

5 points

QUESTION 20

Fungi are classified into which domain?

	A.	Archaea
	B.	Eukarya
	C.	Bacteria
	D.	Fungi

erinhare264

38. The statement best describes the relationship between plantsand animals on earth is
______________________.
A) plants produce O2 and sugars from CO2 B) animals produce CO2 andH2O from sugars and O2 C) plants produce O2 and sugars and animalsproduce CO2 and H2O D) animals produce O2 and sugars and plantsproduce CO2 and H2O
39. What do plants and animals have in common?
A) They are both heterotrophic. B) They are both autotrophic. C)They are both prokaryotic. D) They are both eukaryotic. E) The areboth hydrophobic
40. The innermost electron shell of an atom holds a maximum of________ electrons.
A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 10
41. Elephants travel long distances in search of food. Usingvibrations felt in the ground, family members traveling separatelycan communicate with each other. Based on your knowledge ofevolution, the ability to communicate over long distances probablydeveloped ___________________________.
A) slowly over millions of years B) by accident C) over a ten yearperiod D) as a strategy to decrease reproduction E) as a way tocommunicate with humans
42. The plasma membrane is _____________________.
A) completely permeable B) selectively permeable C) impermeable D)found only in eukaryotic cells E) found only in prokaryoticcells
43. Humans are composed of ______ cells.
A) prokaryotic B) bacterial C) eukaryotic D) viral E) fungal
44. Certain fungi that are important in nutrient recycling becausethey release nutrients from dead organisms back into the ecosystemare _____________________.
A) producers B) consumers C) decomposers D) recyclers E)feeders
45. Humans are ______.
A) ecosystems B) consumers C) decomposers D) cells E)producers
46. One of the end products of respiration is _____________.
A) glucose B) starch C) sucrose D)water E) oxygen
47. A protein molecule which is denatured, has__________________________.
A) split into smaller molecules B) changed its shape C) combinedwith another molecule D) been diluted..
48. ___________________ is the term that refers to theenergy-requiring movement of a substance across a biologicalmembrane .
A) facilitated diffusion B) active transport C) osmosis D)diffusion E) endocytosis
49. All of the following are characteristics of life except_____________________________________.
A) growth B) homeostasis C) movement D) reproduction E) energyuse
50. In the scientific method, a hypothesis __________.
A) is a statement of fact B) makes a prediction that can be testedC) is usually proven to be correct D) can only be tested once E)all of these Complete ALL of the blanks in this section exam.Fill-in each blank with the appropriate word(s) to complete thesentences. Each completed sentence is worth 1 point.

IB 150 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Chemical Energy, Gibbs Free Energy, Thermal Energy

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