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BIOLOGY 207 Lecture Notes - Lecture 32: Reactive Oxygen Species, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, Enzyme

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School
U of M
Department
Biology
Course
BIOLOGY 207
Professor
Paul Dunlap

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Document Summary

The redox tower represents the range of possible reduction potentials (figure. The substance at the top of the tower donates electrons (becomes oxidized) The substance at the bottom of the tower accepts electrons (becomes reduced) The farther the electrons "drop," the greater the amount of energy released. Redox reaction pairs can generate energy, and what is built into the redox tower are elemental compounds and what microbes can take advantage of in the environment i> the strongest electron acceptor(s) in nature is/are: a proton. If bacterial cells do not make it they are very susceptible to being destroyed by reactive oxygen species (anaerobic cells: being out in air for anaerobic species are very toxic to them. Nad+/nadh cycling (linking two chemical reactions to each other via e- transfer) In the process nadh is turned into nad+ and they are both released and you can start this over again. Phosphate bonds in compounds that conserve energy in bacterial metabolism.

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Related Questions

Phototrophs need an electron source like H2S orH2O. Where do the electrons from these sources go?(Assume the organism is growing autotrophically as well astophototrophically.)

O2 and CO2

O2 only

CO2 only
Sulfate or oxygen
Inorganic various molecules, depending on cellular needs.
2. Which of the following statements about chlorophyll istrue?
It is a good electron acceptor in its oxidized form.
It is a good electron donor in its reduced form when energizedby light.
It contains magnesium.
It is a tetrapyrrole.
All of the above
3. The unifying feature of all photosynthetic organisms isa(n)
electron transfer chain.
electron donating system to generate NADPH.
ATP-generating system.
light-gathering system.
All of the above
4. Evidence suggests that banded iron formations are due to
chemical oxidation of reduced iron, Fe2+.
aerobic reduction of insoluble ferric iron, Fe(OH)3.
anaerobic oxidation of soluble ferrous iron,Fe2+.
Both a and b
Both a and c
5. In addition to their ability to harvest light in the 400 to 500nm range, carotenoids also
eject electrons from the reaction center.
function as a tetrapyrrole.
intercept toxic single-state oxygen.
transfer electrons to ubiquinone.
raise electrons to a higher energy state.
6. Ribosomal RNA and other cell features affirm that living cellsshould be divided into three groups called domains.
True
False
7. Microbes have started to evolve recently.
True
False
8. The ________ was essential for the evolution of oxygenicphotosynthesis.
evolution of cyanobacteria
development of photosystem I
ability to extract electrons from CO2
ability to extract electrons from H2O
ability to use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
9. What do oxygenic phototrophs use as an electron source?
Oxygen
Sulfide
Water
Organic compounds
CO2
10. Three domains of organisms have been established basedprimarily on size and other structural features of the cells.
True
False
1. Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?
Fermentation
An electron transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation
Glycolysis
All of the above
2. The primary purpose of catabolism is
generation of ADP.
generation of ATP.

oxidation of NADH to NAD+.
degradation of organic molecules.
biosynthesis.
3. What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?
It is reduced to lactic acid.
It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
It is catabolized in glycolysis.
It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
4. Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by
a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
5. How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?
Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
These are other names for glycolysis.
Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.
6. The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate
a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
d) Both a and b
e) Both b and c
7. Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?
The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid

The complete catabolism of glucose to CO2 andH2O
The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
The production of ATP from glucose
The production of ethanol from glucose
8. A reaction that yields energy has a
positive ?Go?.
negative ?Go?.
positive ?Eo?.
negative ?Eo?.
negative ?Ho?.
9. Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause
a) electrons generally accompany protons.
b) protons generally accompany protons.
c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
d) Both a and b
e) All of the above
10. Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?
It involves the reduction of oxygen.
It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
It does not generate ATP.

1.

Why does an electron have lower potential energy in an H-O bondthan in an O=O bond?

H has a higher electronegativity than O.

O=O is not stable.

O=O contains a double bond.

The electrons are closer to the oxygen atom in the H-O bond.

None of the answers are correct.

2.

How is the energy from the electron transport chain used mostdirectly?

to form the bonds of a water molecule

to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membraneinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space

to join ADP with a phosphate

to decompose glucose into pyruvate

to rotate ATP synthase

3.

Which process provides the energy needed to pump protons acrossthe mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

the breakdown of ATP to ADP

the rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

oxidation of isocitrate

None of the answers are correct.

4.

What causes the ATP synthase rotor to spin?

the passing of electrons through ATP synthase

the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane

the movement of electrons across the mitochondrial membrane

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

None of the answers are correct.

5.

What of the following generates the proton-motive force duringoxidative phosphorylation?

buildup of NADH molecules at protein complex I

movement of H+ ions across the mitochondrial membraneduring electron transport

rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

joining of H+ ions with oxygen to form water

None of the answers are correct.

6.

Suppose a microorganism invades a cell, causing damage to ATPsynthase. How would cellular respiration be affected?

Electrons could not be passed down the electron transportchain.

ADP could not be joined with a phosphate to form ATP.

Hydrogen ions could not be pumped into the mitochondrialintermembrane space.

The cell could not release any energy from the glucosemolecule.

Glucose could not be broken down into pyruvate.

7.

Which molecules transport electrons from the citric acid cycleto the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH2

ATP and ADP

GTP and GDP

oxaloacetate and citric acid

None of the answers are correct.

8.

Which type of reactions control the energy release from glucoseduring the citric acid cycle?

acid-base reactions

redox reactions

random reactions

All answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

9.

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

to receive electrons from the citric acid cycle and deliver themto the electron transport chain

to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP

to accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space tofacilitate ATP synthesis

to serve as a substrate to bind to acetyl-CoA at the beginningof the citric acid cycle

None of the answers are correct.

10.

Which molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

glucose

pyruvate

ATP

acetyl-CoA

None of the answers are correct.