EARTH 222 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Covalent Bond, Lead, Kilogram
11 Jun 2016
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Document Summary
Most water is in the ocean 97. 3% Second most water is in ice (polar) 2. 1% The water molecule: composed of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen atoms (h2o, contains strong (covalent) bonds between atoms, unusual bend in geometry, has polarity (oppositely charged ends) Density of pure water: as water cools to 4 c: molecules slow, water contracts, density increases, below 4 c: hydrogen bonds stay in place, water expands, as water freezes: expands by 9% A. major constituents (salts) - mostly present in their ionic forms as anions and cations. B. dissolved gases - o2, n2, and co2. Consumption or production by organisms controls the concentrations of o2 and co2. C. nutrients - the elements n, p, and si, which are essential for organisms. Their abundance in sea water is controlled by primary production. D. trace elements - present in the ocean in concentrations <1 part per million (ppm). I, fe, mn, zn, pb, hg, and cd.
