ECON 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Marginal Cost, Fixed Cost

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17 Jan 2017

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Table showing how much of a good or service suppliers will want to sell at different prices. A curve which graphically represents the quantity of a particular good a supplier is willing to sell at each price level. Summarizes the relationship between quantity supplied of a good and the price of that good, holding all other factors constant. The quantity supplied of a good is typically positively related to the price of that good, holding other factors constant. As price goes up, quantity supplied goes up. As price goes down, quantity supplied goes down. Cost of all units of output currently produced. Cost of producing an additional unit of output. Total cost(tc) = sum of all marginal costs (mc) for all goods produced + fixed cost. The sum of receipts a firm receives from the sale of output. Price x quantity sold (usually equal to total expenditure)

Related Questions

Considering the demand side of a market for a good, it is reasonable to expect that:
i. demand curves for a given good are identical between consumers
ii. demand curves for a given good differ between consumers
iii. an individual has identical demand curves for different goods
iv. an individual has different demand curves for different goods

iii

i and iii

ii and iv

Suppose the market demand curve for a good is represented by the linear equation Q = 60 - 0.75P. If the market price were to increase from P = $20 to P = $40, then holding all other factors constant:

the quantity demanded would decrease by 10 units and total expenditures on the good would decrease by $400

the quantity demanded would decrease by 15 units and total expenditures on the good would increase by $300

the quantity demanded would decrease by 30 units and total expenditures on the good would increase by $1200

the quantity demanded would increase by 20 units and total expenditures on the good would decrease by $800

the quantity demanded would increase by 10 units and total expenditures on the good would increase by $100

the quantity demanded would increase by 25 units and total expenditures on the good would increase by $1000

A perfectly competitive firms supply curve for a good identifies the:
i. minimum quantity supplied at each price, holding all other factors constant
ii. firms minimum willingness to accept for each incremental unit of the good (e.g., the first unit, second unit, etc.), holding all other factors constant
iii. maximum quantity supplied at each price, holding all other factors constant
iv. firms maximum willingness to accept for each incremental unit of the good (e.g., the first unit, second unit, etc.), holding all other factors constant

Considering the supply side of a market for a good, if a firms supply curve were vertical, then:

the law of supply holds, and quantity supplied is completely insensitive to changes in price

the law of supply holds, and quantity supplied is highly sensitive to changes in price

the law of supply fails to hold, and quantity supplied is completely insensitive to changes in price

the law of supply fails to hold, and quantity supplied is highly sensitive to changes in price

none of the above

The determinants of supply are:
i. factors other than price that will affect the quantity of a good or service a firm is willing and able to purchase
ii. factors that affect a producers maximum willingness-to-accept to produce various quantities of a good
iii. factors that affect a producers minimum willingness-to-accept to produce various quantities of a good

iii

i and ii

i and iii

The market supply curve for a good is derived by:
i. horizontally summing the supply curves of the individual firms in the market
ii. vertically summing the supply curves of the individual firms in the market
iii. summing the quantity supplied by each firm at a given price and then repeating this over the range of prices

iii

i and ii

i and iii

If the level of technology used in the production of a good improves, and assuming the quality of the good does not change, then:
i. more output may be obtained with a given amount of inputs compared to before the technological improvement
ii. a given amount of output may be obtained with fewer inputs compared to before the technological improvement
iii. the firm will increase its use of other inputs, such as the number of workers it employs
iv. market demand for the good will increase

Considering the market for gasoline, which of the following would result in an increase in market supply?
i. a decrease in the price of gasoline
ii. an improvement in oil extraction and refining technologies
iii. an increase in the wage rates paid to gasoline refinery workers
iv. a decrease in the price of crude oil, a key input used to produce gasoline
v. the imposition of a federal gasoline tax aimed a decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases

Suppose a market has two identical sellers. If each sellers supply function is given by P = 20 + Q, then the market supply function is:

From the market framework discussed in class and the readings, it may be concluded that in order for a good to be exchanged between a seller and a buyer, it must be that:

buyer maximum willingness-to-pay is greater than seller minimum willingness-to-accept

buyer maximum willingness-to-pay is greater than or equal to seller minimum willingness-to-accept

buyer minimum willingness-to-pay is greater than or equal to seller maximum willingness-to-accept

buyer minimum willingness-to-pay is greater than seller maximum willingness-to-accept

If the market demand function is given by P = 80 - 0.3Q and the market supply is given by P = 20 + 0.1Q, then the equilibrium price and quantity are:

Of concern are the affects of sustained summer droughts on the domestic supply of wheat. Noting that wheat is a primary ingredient in the production of bread and that potatoes are a substitute for bread, if the supply of wheat declines then it is reasonable to expect:

the price of wheat to fall, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to increase

the price of wheat to fall, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to decrease

the price of wheat to rise, the supply of bread to decrease, and the demand for potatoes to decrease

the price of wheat to rise, the supply of bread to decrease, and the demand for potatoes to increase

the price of wheat to rise, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to increase

the price of wheat to rise, the supply of bread to increase, and the demand for potatoes to decrease

Suppose a perfectly competitive market is initially in equilibrium. If market demand and supply decrease simultaneously, then equilibrium:

price will rise, but the equilibrium quantity may either rise, fall, or remain unchanged

quantity will rise, but the equilibrium price may either rise, fall, or remain unchanged

price will fall, but the equilibrium quantity may either rise, fall, or remain unchanged

quantity will fall, but the equilibrium price may either rise, fall, or remain unchanged

Considering the demand side of a market for a good, the consumer surplus derived by an individual:
i. is the difference between the maximum amount the consumer is willing to pay on each unit and the minimum prices that producers are willing to accept
ii. is the difference between the minimum amount the consumer is willing to pay on each unit and the price he/she
actually pays
iii. is the difference between the maximum amount the consumer is willing to pay on each unit and the price he/she actually pays
iv. will decrease if price increases

Suppose the market demand for a good is described by the equation P = 120 - 2Q. If a change in market supply results in price decreasing from P0 = $80 to P1 = $70, then the resulting change in consumer surplus is:

1. According to the law of demand, an increase in the price of a good causes Select one:

a. a downward movement along the demand curve for that good.

b. a rightward shift of the demand curve for that good.

c. an upward movement along the demand curve for that good.

d. a leftward shift of the demand curve for that good.

2.The relative price of a textbook is

Select one:

a. the amount it cost to make the textbook.

b. the money price of the textbook divided by the money price of some other good.

c. what the author earned for writing the textbook.

d. the price of the textbook compared with what students think it should cost.

3.Which of the following best represents the law of demand?

Select one:

a. As the price of good increases, the quantity demanded of that good decreases.

b. As the demand for a good increase, the price of that good increases.

c. As the price of a good decrease, the demand curve for that good shifts to the right.

d. As the price of a good decrease, the demand for the good increases.

4. The absolute price of a good is its

Select one:

a. subjective price.

b. money price.

c. relative price.

d. projected price.

5. The fact that when the price of a good goes up, people buy less of it is known as the

Select one:

a. law of demand.

b. concept of market equilibrium.

c. need for inferior goods.

d. law of supply.

6.The price of a commodity in terms of another commodity is

Select one:

a. the law of demand.

b. the money price.

c. a substitute.

d. the relative price.

7.Other things being equal, an increase in the price of a good leads to an increase in the amount produced. This is known as

Select one:

a. the law of supply.

b. the law of demand.

c. ceteris paribus.

d. equilibrium.

8.he direct relationship between changes in price and changes in quantity supplied is

Select one:

a. shown by a shift in the supply curve.

b. the law of relative production.

c. the law of supply.

d. a change in supply.

9. The law of supply states that other things being equal,

Select one:

a. supply creates its demand.

b. supply will increase if productivity increases.

c. supply will increase to meet demand if demand increases.

d. as price increases, quantity supplied increases.

10. a price increase will lead to an increase in quantity supplied. This statement is

Select one:

a. a normative statement.

b. untrue always.

c. the law of supply.

d. the law of demand.

11.All of the following will cause a shift in the supply of jeans EXCEPT

Select one:

a. an increase in the cost of producing jeans.

b. a per-unit government subsidy on the production of jeans.

c. a decrease in the number of jean manufacturers.

d. a decrease in the prices of jeans.

12.An increase in the price of steel to producers of refrigerators will cause

Select one:

a. the demand for refrigerators to decrease.

b. the supply curve for refrigerators to shift left.

c. the quantity demanded to feel to increase.

d. the quantity supplied of refrigerators to increase.

ivorysardine587

1.When the term "price" is used in the law of demand, price refers to Select one:

a. the price of the well relative to the price of another good.

b. the nominal price of the well relative to its nominal price in the previous year.

c. the absolute price of the good.

d. the dollar price of the good.

2.In economics, the meaning of demand refers to Select one:

a. the quantities of a good that people will sell at various prices.

b. the total satisfaction that consuming good provides people at different prices.

c. how badly someone wants a good.

d. the quantities of a good that people will buy at various prices.

3.Which of the following illustrates the law of demand?

Select one:

a. College enrollment increases when federal tuition grants are readily available to students.

b. More people watch college basketball in March than in November.

c. The number of long-distance calls in the United States is greater on Christmas than on Valentine's Day.

d. The prevailing wage rate in an industry determines how many people choose to work in the industry.

4.The absolute price of a good is its

Select one:

a. money price.

b. projected price.

c. relative price.

d. subjective price.

5.The only variable that can affect a movement along the demand curve is

Select one:

a. the number of buyers.

b. income levels.

c. the price of the good itself.

d. the number of substitutes.

6.The price of an MP3 music player increased from $50 to $70 while the price of a music download increased from $1 to $2. The relative price of an MP3 music player in terms of music downloads Select one:

a. increased from 0.04 to 0.05.

b. decreased, but we need more information to know by how much.

c. increased, but we need more information to know by how much.

d. decreased from 50 to 35.

7.The quantity supplied of a particular good is the amount of the good that

Select one:

a. households want firms to sell at each price during a particular time period.

b. firms will actually end up buying at a particular price during a given time period.

c. firms are willing to sell at each price during a particular time period.

d. households are willing to consume at each particular price.

8.An increase in price will lead to an increase in quantity supplied. This statement is

Select one:

a. the law of supply.

b. untrue always.

c. the law of demand.

d. a normative statement.

9.Regarding the law of supply, which of the following statements is correct?

Select one:

a. As demand falls, supply rises.

b. The ceteris paribus assumption does not apply.

c. As the price of a good or service rises, the quantity supplied will increase.

d. As the price of a good or service rises, the quantity supplied will decrease.

10.A given supply curve illustrates Select one:

a. the relationship between expected future prices and quantity supplied.

b. the effect of a change in resource costs on the quantity supplied.

c. the effect of a change in technology on the quantity supplied.

d. the relationship between price and quantity supplied.

11.If there is a decline in the price of milk, an input in the production of ice cream, then there will be a(n)

Select one:

a. decrease in the supply of ice cream and a leftward shift of the supply curve.

b. increase in the supply of ice cream and a rightward shift of the supply curve.

c. increase in the quantity of ice cream supplied and a movement down along the supply curve.

d. decrease in the quantity of ice cream supplied and a movement up along the supply curve.

12. An improvement in technology in the production of computers would

Select one:

a. increase the demand for computers.

b. decrease the supply of computers.

c. decrease the demand for computers.

d. increase the supply of computers.

13.Which of the following is a non-price determinant of supply? Select one:

a. the number of consumers

b. technological advances in production

c. the price of related goods consumers may buy

d. consumers' incomes

14.Which of the following does NOT cause a rightward shift in the supply curve?

Select one:

a. a reduction in resource costs

b. an increase in technology

c. a reduction in the expected future price of the good

d. a reduction in the price of the good

15.Which of the following is a possible outcome of setting a legal maximum rental rate below the market-clearing rental rate?

Select one:

a. a decrease in the quantity of rental housing demanded

b. an increase in the quantity of rental housing supply

c. a black market in rental housing

d. a surplus of rental housing

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ECON 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Marginal Cost, Fixed Cost

ECON 101 Full Course Notes

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