BIOL 540 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Untranslated Region, Zip Code, Intron

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harlequinclam700

13 Feb 2020

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Objectives of lecture: to understand function of rna in conversion of genetic information into cellular activity, know elements of a gene, understand expression regulation. Dna has no catylytic activity and so conversion to activity requires rna. Rna functions to allow for a sensitive level of control, it has catylytic actions such as (processing introns, and catylyzing protein bonds). The gene is a segment of dna that encodes a protien or rna. They include a promoter, introns, exons and an untranslated region. Promoter is part of gene that controls the level of transcription of the gene. It has sequences called dna elements which are recognized by transcription factors to initiate transcription. Untranslated region of the gene directs the transcription factors to the part of the gene which should be transcribed. To get to mature rna, introns must be spliced out and exons must be ligated. 3" utr has a zip code that carries mrna transcripts to certain places in the cell.

Related Questions

Please help on these. Thank you!

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a channel in the RNA polymeraseenzyme?

		RNA exit channel
		DNA entry channel
		DNA exit channel
		Nucleotide exit channel

Question 2

A promoter region upstream of a bacterial gene typically has thesequence TTGACA in the -35 position and TATAAT in the -10 position.If there was a 5 bp insertion at the -40 position, such thateverything downstream was shifted (ie: the "-35 element" is now atthe -30 from the transcription start site), which of the followingwill occur?

		Sigma protein will not bind and so no transcription willoccur.
		RNA polymerase will not bind and so no transcription willoccur.
		Sigma protein will bind to its target sequences and sotranscription will start 5bp downstream from the originaltranscription start site.
		Sigma protein will bind as usual and transcription will startappropriately at the transcription start site.

Question 3

A person has a mutation that prevents TFIIH from being produced.Which of the following outcomes will occur?

		No transcription because TFIID will not be able to bind.
		No transcription because the DNA strand will not be opened.
		Transcription will occur, but it will not be in the correctposition.
		Transcription will occur as usual.

Question 4

There are 4 rRNAs produced to make both subunits of theribosome. How many transcripts are required to produce these 4rRNAs?

		1
		2
		3
		4

Question 5

True or False: the 5' 7m-Gppp cap is attached to the start codonof the mRNA.

		True.
		False, the cap is attached to the 5'-untranslated region.
		False - the cap is attached to the 3'-untranslated region.
		False, the cap is attached to the polyA tail.

Question 6

During the splicing mechanism, which of the following joins twoexons together?

		A 2'OH attacks a 5' phosphate
		A 5' phosphate attacks a 2'OH
		A 3'OH attacks a 5' phosphate
		A 5' phosphate attacks a 3'OH Question 7 After their experiment in Neurospora, Beadle and Tatum concludedthat each single genes code for single enzymes. Do you agree withtheir statement, why or why not?

burgundyhedgehog579

5. Alpha amanitin is a drug that binds RNA polymerase andprevents it from functioning in the cell (this is the compound thatis found in poison mushrooms). The reason people die when theyconsume alpha amanitin is:

a) Alpha amanitin prevents gene expression from occurring in thecell

b) DNA replication is directly inhibited by alpha amantin

c) Alpha amanitin binds tightly to the messenger RNAs that aremade in the cell, preventing translation

d) Alpha amanitin binds to nuclear pores preventing thetransport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm

6. In order for transcriptional initiation to begin in E. colithe following elements are needed:

a) an origin and RNA polymerase

b) initiator protein and a promoter

c) the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase and an RNA template

d) RNA polymerase and a promoter

e) helicase and primase

Questions 7 and 8. You are studying two species of closelyrelated snakes, one species lives in sandy desert area and has paletan skin and the species lives in a volcanic rock area and has darkbrown skin. You a sequence the DNA from each type of snake anddiscover a gene encoding a protein that transports pigment into theskin cells. The pigment transporter protein is responsible for skincolor. When you analyze the DNA coding sequence of the pigmenttransporter from each snake you find these two DNA sequences (hashmarks have been added to indicate the reading frame):

pale tan snake: GCG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand)CGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG (complementary strand) dark brown snake:ACG/TTG/GAC/TGC/ACC (DNA template strand) TGC/AAC/CTG/ACG/TGG(complementary strand)

7. From these sequences you conclude:

a) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are almost identical

b) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are very dissimilar

c) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are identical

8. Since the skin color is different in each snake, you concludefrom the sequence data above that:

a) the genetic code in the skin cells in each of these snakes isdifferent

b) the DNA sequence encoding the entire gene for pigmenttransporters in these two snakes is different

c) that one of the codons in the gene for the pigmenttransporter in these two snakes is different

9. You are analyzing eukaryotic cells that have been exposed tothe radioactive uracil. In most cells the radioactive uracil isinitially localized in the nucleus and then moves from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. However, you observe that in some cells theradioactive molecules stay in the nucleus and never arrive in thecytoplasm. This is most likely a defect in:

a) the transcription of the DNA

b) the processing of the mRNA

c) the translation of the RNA

d) the labeling of the RNA

e) the replication of the DNA

10. Which of the following is true of both eukaryotic andbacterial transcription? (select all that are true)
a) Transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNApolymerase initiates transcription

b) Messenger RNAs must be spliced before translation begins inorder to produce the appropriate gene product

c) During transcription only one DNA strand is used as atemplate to make the messenger RNA

d) Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerasetranscribes a hairpin structure in the RNA followed by a string ofU

erinporpoise384

My instructor sent me this in an email to study for a final.Please help me construct the best possible answer for this as Ihave not written a satisfactory answer to the first question allsemester.

1) As you know the final does include a comprehensive componentregarding the gene and genome. (80 pts)

This first question has to be extremely detailed. For example,"A gene is a unit of inheritance. The gene carries information forit to be passed from one generation to the next. When you combine agene with the environment you are five the necessities for aphenotype. There are many gene types and elements such as the genesfor RNAs that carry information to make proteins, genes fortransfer RNAs that carry amino acids to the ribosomes, genes forribosomal RNAs that are required for structure, function andactivities of a ribosome, genes for small nuclear RNAs that make upthe spliceosome and help to splice introns, and the genes fortelomerase RNA component (TERC). A gene must also include manyparts such as introns, exons, core promoters, regulatory promoters,activators, downstream promoter enzymes (DPE), and many others.These parts of the genes as well as the different gene types mustallow for some variation in certain conditions to allow evolutionto occur. A gene must also be able to be passed on, or inheritedfrom one generation to the next." Figures and drawings are alsoappreciated by my instructor. If you could basically just throweverything you can think of within a gene or a genome at thisquestion that would be greatly appreciated.

2) You will also need to study genetic mapping, DNA as a digitalstorage device, X chromosome inactivation and synthetic biology.(35 pts)

sapphireeel99

BIOL 540 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Untranslated Region, Zip Code, Intron

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