NRS 312 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Liver Disease, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport
Internal regulation
• Osmosis
o Water moves by concentration gradient of water. Low solute to an area of high solute
across a semipermiable membrane
o Hypernatrimia: 156?
▪ Water is drawn from ICS to ECS
▪ Cell shrinks. Dry mucous membranes. Dry mouth. Tenting.
o Intra cellular space is 70% of fluid
o Extracellular space is 20% of water
• Diffusion. Movements of solute from high concentration to low concentration
o O2 readily diffuses across our bilayer to intracellur space
• Facilitated diffusion
o Requires ligand or electrolyte. Facilliated inside the cell when the gated channels are
opened up.
o Also can use a protein.
o No ATP is required
• Active transport
o ATP is required
o Made by the mitochondria
o Need a glucose source and oxygen
• Capillary microcirculation
o Hydrostatic pressure generated by MAP. Amount of pressure pushing fluid out of
capillary bed toward the cells
o Osmotic pressure: colloidal pressure (Oncotic pressure) pressure exertedby albumin on
the venous end. Pulls fluid and waste back into the venous end so it can be sent back
toward the heart
• Trandsudate: increased hydrostatic pressure. Pushing plasma out of the intravascular space to
the intestinal space. Can be caused by an increase of hydrostatic pressure. Any venous outflow
obstruction. Daily reason is by tight fitting stockings. Back pressure in capillary bed.
o Decreased oncotic pressure can cause this too. Liver disease or kidney disease.
(Podocytes)
• Exudate: leakage of fluid and proteins. Leaving intravascular space into the interstial space.
Inflammatory response results in retracting of endothelial cells. Transmigration of fluid, prietins
RBCs etc.
• Isotonic: IV fluids that give equal osmotic pressure
o 0.9% saline
o Only IV fluid tha should be used with blood transfusion
• Hypotonic: Less solute than the cell
o 0.45% or half saline
o Less solute in the fluid compared to solute in the surrounding tissue
o Fluid will move into the vascular space into the cells.
o When a patient is dehydrated
• Hypertonic solution
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Document Summary
Internal regulation: osmosis, water moves by concentration gradient of water. Low solute to an area of high solute across a semipermiable membrane: hypernatrimia: 156, water is drawn from ics to ecs, cell shrinks. Intra cellular space is 70% of fluid: extracellular space is 20% of water, diffusion. Movements of solute from high concentration to low concentration: o2 readily diffuses across our bilayer to intracellur space, facilitated diffusion, requires ligand or electrolyte. Amount of pressure pushing fluid out of capillary bed toward the cells: osmotic pressure: colloidal pressure (oncotic pressure) pressure exertedby albumin on the venous end. Pulls fluid and waste back into the venous end so it can be sent back toward the heart: trandsudate: increased hydrostatic pressure. Pushing plasma out of the intravascular space to the intestinal space. Can be caused by an increase of hydrostatic pressure. Back pressure in capillary bed: decreased oncotic pressure can cause this too.
