PPD 240g Lecture Notes - Lecture 22: Mothers Against Drunk Driving, Tokenism, Small Victories
8 Sep 2016
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Arnstein"s ladder of participation: summary, 8 rungs of citizen participation, participation = empowerment, levels of participation break into 3 types, levels, lowest= non participation. Attempts to make citizens feel like they"re participating but it doesn"t really matter. Rubber stamp of saying they had participation, more of a pr effort. Where citizens are just allowed to complain but government just ignores what they have to say: middle = tokenism. More formalized way of getting information from citizens, like polls. Sometimes only justifies what governments want to do. A few lucky citizens get to be placed on boards but don"t really have decision making authority. Often not randomized, they would"ve been there anyways: highest= citizen power. 6- partnership joint planning committees, joint policy boards, have an even representation of citizens and government officials. Citizens actually have some management ability, decision making and implementation authority. Citizens might have control over a particular project but not total control over everything.
