BIO 311C Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Electronegativity, Intermembrane Space, Mitochondrial Matrix

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16 Oct 2016

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Biology class notes 10-14-16: step 1: oxaloacetate (4c) attaches to the acetyl group (2c) forming citrate (6c) Allows for stepwise release of energy bound in nadh and fadh2 through redox reactions. This released energy is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space, making an electrochemical gradient, and allowing for chemiosmosis to occur. Chemiosmosis: diffusion of protons across a membrane to create atp (phosphate group is added to. Adp to create atp: occurs because of atp synthase, transform pe of proton gradient to covalent bonds of atp, occurs in mitochondrial matrix. Anaerobic respiration: uses sulfate as the final electron acceptor instead of oxygen not as effective because oxygen is way more electronegative and attracts more electrons. Alcohol fermentation- nadh gives electrons back to 2-acetaldehyde which is reduced to ethanol (so one product is alcohol)

Related Questions

Why does an electron have lower potential energy in an H-O bondthan in an O=O bond?

H has a higher electronegativity than O.

O=O is not stable.

O=O contains a double bond.

The electrons are closer to the oxygen atom in the H-O bond.

None of the answers are correct.

How is the energy from the electron transport chain used mostdirectly?

to form the bonds of a water molecule

to pump hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial inner membraneinto the mitochondrial intermembrane space

to join ADP with a phosphate

to decompose glucose into pyruvate

to rotate ATP synthase

Which process provides the energy needed to pump protons acrossthe mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation?

the transfer of electrons in redox reactions

the breakdown of ATP to ADP

the rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

oxidation of isocitrate

None of the answers are correct.

What causes the ATP synthase rotor to spin?

the passing of electrons through ATP synthase

the movement of protons across the mitochondrial membrane

the movement of electrons across the mitochondrial membrane

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

None of the answers are correct.

What of the following generates the proton-motive force duringoxidative phosphorylation?

buildup of NADH molecules at protein complex I

movement of H⁺ ions across the mitochondrial membraneduring electron transport

rotation of the ATP synthase rotor

joining of H⁺ ions with oxygen to form water

None of the answers are correct.

Suppose a microorganism invades a cell, causing damage to ATPsynthase. How would cellular respiration be affected?

Electrons could not be passed down the electron transportchain.

ADP could not be joined with a phosphate to form ATP.

Hydrogen ions could not be pumped into the mitochondrialintermembrane space.

The cell could not release any energy from the glucosemolecule.

Glucose could not be broken down into pyruvate.

Which molecules transport electrons from the citric acid cycleto the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH₂

ATP and ADP

GTP and GDP

oxaloacetate and citric acid

None of the answers are correct.

Which type of reactions control the energy release from glucoseduring the citric acid cycle?

acid-base reactions

redox reactions

random reactions

All answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

What is the role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

to receive electrons from the citric acid cycle and deliver themto the electron transport chain

to catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP

to accumulate in the mitochondrial intermembrane space tofacilitate ATP synthesis

to serve as a substrate to bind to acetyl-CoA at the beginningof the citric acid cycle

None of the answers are correct.

10.

Which molecule enters the citric acid cycle?

glucose

pyruvate

ATP

acetyl-CoA

None of the answers are correct.

apricotgoose897

Question 18

The process that forms new glucose in the liver is called ...

	A.	glycogenolysis
	B.	Krebs cycle
	C.	lipolysis
	D.	gluconeogenisis
	E.	oxidative phosphorylation

Question 57

A person exercises in their âfat burning zoneâ for 4 hours at 35% VO₂peak. The O₂ cost of exercise at that work rate is 0.5L/minute. Following exercise the subject rewards himself with an ice-cream sundae (700kcal). The following statement is true(assume 5kcal/lit of O₂):

	A.	The subject is in neutral energy balance
	B.	The subject consumed fewer calories than they expended during exercise
	C.	The subject consumed more calories than they expended during exercise
	D.	Canât say

Question 52

The primary purpose of the citric acid cycle is...

		aerobic glycolysis
		gluconeogenesis using lactate
		the decarboxylation of carbon compounds to produce NADH.
		the shuttling of hydrogen ions through the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 51

In aerobic ATP production, the role of oxygen is to...

		to keep the electron transport chain operational
		to accept electrons from the 3rd cytochrome and thereby oxidizing it so it can accept new electrons
		act as a oxidizing agent by accepting electrons from the electron transport chain and combining with hydrogen ions (protons)
		all of the above

Question 50

Glucose is necessary for fatty acid oxidation because...

		its derivative, pyruvate, is condensated with carbonic acid to form oxaloacetate, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle
		it is needed to convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA which in turn is oxidized to acetyl CoA
		glucose is decarboxylated into cytochrome oxidase which is a necessary intermediate in the citric acid cycle
		its derivative, acetyl CoA, is condensated with carbonic acid to form lactase, which in turn is a necessary carbon compound in the citric acid cycle

olivegoat873

Matching

31.___ ATPsynthase

32.___ Calvin Cycle

33.___ Chlorophyll

34.___ FADH₂

35.___ Oxaloacetate

36.___ Sulfur

A. You might find this as amolecule available for reduction at the end of the electrontransport chain of anaerobic respiration.

B. This 4C molecule directly bondswith Acetyl just at the beginning of the Citric Acid Cycle.

C. This molecule would be foundembedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion and would beable to convert H⁺ potential energy into ATP energy.

D. This process results in theproduction of FADH₂ and NADH and the release ofCO₂.

E. When this pigment molecule isoxidized by absorbed light energy, it becomes the proximate sourceof electrons to the ETC found in the chloroplast membrane orprokaryotes plasma membrane.

F. This results in the production ofa 3C carbohydrate molecule that can be used by photoautotrophicorganisms to produce glucose as well as many other organicmolecules.

G. Found in the matrix of themitochondrion this would be seen to be associated with thereduction of the second protein complex (II) / (ETC) as it isoxidized.

H. This is the final electronacceptor use during the chemiosmotic process that occurs in themitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

periwinkleswan12

BIO 311C Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Electronegativity, Intermembrane Space, Mitochondrial Matrix

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