BCMB 230 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Cortex, Skeletal Muscle

31 views15 pages

blushcrocodile584

16 Dec 2016

School

UTK

Department

Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology

Course

BCMB 230

Professor

Alston

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

9/20/16

Nervous system

I. Most of what we are talking about are muscles and glands – these are called

effectors muscles/glands

II. 2 ways to divide the nervous system

a. Central Nervous System

i. Brain and spinal cord

ii. Processing of information, decisions, storage of information

iii. Technically no nerves here

b. Peripheral nervous system

i. Input and output

ii. Whats going into the CNS and whats coming out of it

iii. Nerves are strictly peripheral

c. Connections between the two

i. The CNS controls aspects of the PNS – efferent pathway, motor

1. Motor – control muscles that produce movement, also controls

glands

ii. PNS controls aspects of the CNS – afferent, sensory

iii. CN“ s PN“ is stutual

iv. Affeet s. effeet is futioal

d. Sensory Nervous system – PNS to CNS

i. Cerebral cortex

ii. We can have sensory that’s osious

1. Ex. pushing on finger, goes to cerebral cortex and we know the

finger was touched, we know limb position

2. We can send this information to other places in the brain besides

the cerebral cortex

3. We know when the bladder is full

iii. We can have senso that’s uosious

1. Blood pressure – we might not know exactly what it is

2. Temperature – we might not know exactly what it is

iv. Special sensory

1. What e tpiall thik of ith seso

2. Located in the head

3. Require a fairly complex sensory organ of some type

4. Vision

5. Hearing

6. Taste

7. Olfaction (smell)

8. equilibrium

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 15 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

v. Somatosensory

1. From skin

2. Touch – located everywhere, including head

3. Pressure

4. Temperature

5. Vibration

6. stretch

vi. Propriosensory

1. Info. Coming from muscles, special sensory structures in muscles

and for structures associated with muscles

2. Tendons

3. Ligaments

4. Joints

5. Giving us feedback about limb position and muscle tension

vii. Visceral sensory

1. From the viscera

a. Visea is the aatoial te fo gut

b. Contents of the thoracic and abdominal cavity plus some

structures in the face (glands)

2. we know when our bladder and stomach is full

e. Motor pathway 2 divisions

If he makes a statement for the nervous system, that statement may only be true for

part of it

f. E. if e sa oto euos ae alas eitato, that’s ol tue of a particular

neuron in the somatic system

g. Bc if we go over to the autonomic system, some of those neurons are excitatory

(cause muscle to contract), some are inhibitory (inhibit muscles to contract)

h. AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL, The only thing you can tell a skeletal muscle to do is

contract and contract as hard as you can – ell this does’t fit ith ou

experience.

i. 2 divisions of the motor pathway

i. Somatic

1. Controls skeletal muscle

2. oluta/osious – generalization

3. Easily brought under conscious control, it may be controlled at a

subconscious level

4. hold up ou had – you have to think about the hand being

held up

5. Subconscious – breathing, taking breaths use skeletal muscles,

breathing is typically under unconscious controls but if we want

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 15 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

to, we can thik aout it ad hage eathig ate, e do’t

have to think about every muscle we move

ii. Autonomic

1. Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

2. ioluta/suosious – generalization

3. Typically under subconscious control, we can change heart rate,

change temperature in our finger with the right types of training

a. Ex. bringing blood pressure down at the doctors office

III. Reflexes

a. Response to a stimulus

b. Sensory receptor -> afferent pathway -> integrating center -> efferent pathway

-> effector muscle gland -> response

c. Moosapti = …..affeet patha -> effeet patha…….

d. Reflexes are protective in nature, help us to maintain homeostasis in our body

i. We at to aitai hoeostasis fail uikl (e do’t at to get

busy and forget to regulate our blood pressure)

e. Why do we want this preprogrammed response?

i. In the knee we have stretch receptors – patella reflex?

ii. Kicking the leg out when we walk upstairs and trip

iii. What possible use is this? We use it to check if the components of that

refle ae futioig, e hek eause if it does’t ok e a hae a

problem with the spinal cord (integrating center for this), muscle,

afferent/efferent pathway, etc.

f. How does the nervous system do this??? Within the nervous system we have

specific cells alled….

IV. Neurons (diagram in notebook showing dendrites, axons, etc.)

a. Membrane potential

i. Small changes in electrical charge that can move very rapidly

b. Synapse

i. Presynaptic structures

1. Synaptic bulbs

ii. Postsynaptic membranes

1. Dendrites basically

iii. Synaptic cleft

1. The gap/space between the cells

iv. Use a neurotransmitter to get information across the cleft

v. 2 ways of carrying info.

1. Membrane potential electric signals

a. Mostly afferent pathway

2. Neurotransmitters

a. Connecting afferent (A) to efferent pathways (E)

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 15 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

Most of what we are talking about are muscles and glands these are called effectors muscles/glands. Reflexes: response to a stimulus, sensory receptor -> afferent pathway -> integrating center -> efferent pathway. Within the nervous system we have specific cells (cid:272)alled . Stimulation of a dendrite that is strong enough creates an action potential along an axon. Resting potential: more na+ on outside more k+ on inside of cell. It creates a charge where the outside is more positive than the inside. Membrane is much more permeable to k+ than it is to na+ Sodium atpase is moving sodium against its gradient. Because of all of this we have more k+ moving out than na+ moving in. This establishes an eq. where outside is positive and inside is negative. Any ion movement can influence charge across the cell. Cell becomes closer to 0= na+ in= depolarization=excitatory=action potential. Open cl- channel= more negative going in, hyperpolarization.

Related Questions

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

rubymule151

Who is given credit for first deducing that the cerebrum receives sensations and the cerebellum helps control movement?

(a)Hippocrates (b) Aristotle (c) Galen (d)Descartes (e) Henry Gustave Molaison

Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the fluid-mechanical theory of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b)Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d)Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e) The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to our current understanding of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b) Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d) Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e)The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements was not believed by Rene Descartes?

(a)The brain functions in accordance with the fluid-mechanical theory. (b)Animal spirits going through nerves inflate muscles. (c) The brain controls human behavior that is like that of other animals. (d) Uniquely human mental capacities also arise from the brain. (e) All of the above statements were believed by Descartes

Dissections of cadavers in the 17^th and 18^th centuries were important to furthering our understanding of nervous system structure and function. Of the statements below, all of which were contributions made by these dissections, which one came from a deduction rather than a direct observation?

(a) The brain has gray and white matter. (b) White matter brings information to and from gray matter. (c) There is a peripheral and a central nervous system. (d) The central division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. (e) The brain has gyri and sulci.

H.M.âs epileptic seizures were thought to arise as a result of a

(a)congenital defect. (b)hard hit to his head sustained during childhood. (c)neurodegenerative disease. (d)viral infection. (e)genetic susceptibility.

After undergoing an experimental surgery to control his epilepsy, H.M.

(a)Experienced more frequent and severe seizures. (b)Had no semantic knowledge of events occurring before the surgery. (c) Was not able to learn and remember new facts.(d)Had no procedural memory of tasks learned before the surgery. (e)Was not able to form new procedural memories

H.M.âs surgical outcome was extraordinarily influential in changing the prevalent idea of brain functioning from that of mass action to that of specific brain regions carrying out specific functions. It provided the first evidence that which region of the brain is needed to form new declarative memories?

((a)The cerebrum (b)The cerebellum (c) The hypothalamus (d)The hippocampus. (e)The frontal lobe

You are meeting a new patient in your clinical practice. The man starts to speak and this is what comes out of his mouth in a steady stream âDog blue sky carry coffee wheel table raw simple sign cigarette book test car view draw mean witch two famous shoe cookie cat road mouse baby trousers.â As a result of this, you immediately suspect damage to which part of his brain?

(a) The hippocampus. (b) The amygdala (c) The auditory cortex. (d)Brocaâs area. (e)Wernickeâs area.

Karl Lashley assessed the ability of rodents to learn and remember a maze after regions of their brain had been removed. His results indicated to him that the brain functions by mass action. How do we explain this incorrect conclusion today?

(a) His experiments were flawed by not having the correct controls.

(b)He removed too much brain tissue at a time.

(d)Rodents have many ways to learn a maze.

(e)All of the above

#1 Visceral sensory information enters the CNS on afferent fibers within

A) dorsal roots S_2 to S_4.

B) dorsal roots T_1 to L_2.

C) cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X.

D) both B and C

E) A, B, and C

#2 Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A) support

B) memory

C) phagocytosis

D) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

E) maintenance of blood-brain barrier

#3 Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower

body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of

her cord is likely to be compressed?

A) the anterior gray commissures

B) the anterior white commissures

C) the anterior gray horns

D) ascending tracts

E) descending tracts

#4 The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:

A) skeletal muscle cells

B) glandular cells

C) smoothmusdecells

D) heart muscle cells

E) all of the above

#5 Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) pia mater.

B) dura mater.

C) filum terminale.

D) arachnoid mater.

E) subarachnoid space.

#6 A patient develops a tumor of a cranial nerve that leads to difficulty in speaking from a loss of

tongue movement.which cranial nerve is affected?

A) glossopharyngeal

B) vagus

C) spinal accessory

D) hypoglossal

E) trigeminal

#7 Parkinson disease is the result of

A) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

B) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei.

C) weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon.

D) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra.

E) hyperactivity of the limbic system.

#8 Based on the motor homunculus, which of the followingbody regions has the largest motor units?

A) larynx B) hands C) tongue D) face E) back

#9 If the corpus callosum is surgically cu!

A) conscious decisions are made without regard to sensations from the left side.

B) objects toudred by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified.

C) symptoms of the "disconnection syndrome" appear.

D) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently.

E) all of the above

#10 The flexor reflex

A) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus.

B) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C) prevents a musde from generating damaging tension.

D) usually depends on cranial neurons.

E) prevents a muscle from overstretching.

#11 The subdural space lies between

A) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

B) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

C) the endosteum and the periosteum.

D) the pia mater and the dura mater.

E) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.

#12 _____ is a condition resulting from an inflammation of a facial nerve.

A) Cerebral palsy

B) Addison disease

C) Bell palsy

D) any of the

#12 Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A) microglia.

B) neurofilaments.

C) neurofibrils.

D) Nisslbodies.

E) perikaryon.

BCMB 230 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Cortex, Skeletal Muscle

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BCMB 230 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Resting Potential, Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Cortex

KHSS 221 Chapter Notes - Chapter 8: Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Spinal Nerve

PSYC 100 Chapter Online Lesson: W5 Online

Related Questions