PHIS 206 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Metabolic Water, Bronchiole, Intrapleural Pressure

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blueskunk578

2 May 2018

School

VCU

Department

Physiology and Biophysics

Course

PHIS 206

Professor

Charles Anderson; Steven Price

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Lecture 16: Respiratory Anatomy and Mechanics

Respiration

• Two distinct processes:

o External Respiration - Exchange of O2 and CO2 between environment and cells

▪ More than just “breathing” (ventilation)

▪ Involves players beyond the respiratory system → circulatory system

critical

▪ Ventilation - exchange within lungs

▪ Transport - exchange within tissues

o Cellular Respiration - utilization of O2 and fuel to make ATP and CO2 as a waste

product

▪ Involves none of “respiratory system” → takes place in mitochondria

▪ H2O another “waste” product → metabolic water

• External Respiration Steps

o Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) in the

lungs

o Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and the blood in the

pulmonary capillaries

o Transport of O2 and CO2 by the blood between the lungs and the tissues

o Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the

tissue cells

• Everything beyond ventilation seems to happen beyond the lungs

Non-Respiratory Functions of Respiratory System

• Mechanism for water and heat liberation

• Aids of return of blood to heart

• Helps maintain pH

• Speech

• Defensive shield (high exposure to environment)

• Performs some metabolic tasks

• Aids in physical exertion (effort closure)

Overview

• Two zones of the system

o Conducting Zone (conditions and moves air)

▪ Nose → Bronchioles

▪ Greater structure (cartilage) in the walls of passageways → fairly rigid

o Exchange Zone (exchange takes place)

▪ Terminal Bronchioles → Alveoli

▪ More highly vascularized

▪ Presence of smooth muscle → size (caliber) of passageways can be altered

Alveoli

• Alveolus → functional unit of lung

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Document Summary

Respiration: two distinct processes, external respiration - exchange of o2 and co2 between environment and cells, more than just breathing (ventilation) Involves players beyond the respiratory system circulatory system critical: ventilation - exchange within lungs, transport - exchange within tissues, cellular respiration - utilization of o2 and fuel to make atp and co2 as a waste product. Non-respiratory functions of respiratory system: mechanism for water and heat liberation, aids of return of blood to heart, helps maintain ph, speech, defensive shield (high exposure to environment, performs some metabolic tasks, aids in physical exertion (effort closure) The pleurae: between the lungs and the thoracic wall/diaphragm is the pleural sac (pleural space, parietal pleura attached to thoracic wall and diaphragm, visceral pleura attached to the lungs. Intra-alveolar pressure (pressure within the alveoli - 760 mm hg when equilibrated with atmospheric pressure) Transmural pressure: pressure across (trans) the wall (mural) of the lung (alveolus or airways, equal to intra-alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure.

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Cellular respiration uses________to produce energy and releases ________as a waste product.

		O₂; CO₂
		CO₂; O₂
		ATP; G3P
		G3P; ATP

5 points

QUESTION 2

Select all of the following that compose the conducting pathways in the respiratory system.

		nasal cavity
		Pharynx
		Larynx
		Trachea
		Bronchi
		Alveoli

5 points

QUESTION 3

Match each structure with its' function.

- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Nasal Cavity
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Alveoli
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Larynx
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Trachea
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Bronchi
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Bronchioles
- A. B. C. D. E. F. G.	Pharynx

A.	Throat
B.	Very small branches of bronchi within the lungs.
C.	Larger branching passages for air within the lungs.
D.	Location of gas exchange with the blood.
E.	Carries air from larynx and branches into bronchi.
F.	Location of the voice box, earliest location where only air passes.
G.	Carry air into the pharynx, earliest location of cleaning, warming, and humidifying the air.

8 points

QUESTION 4

Mammals are able to inhale because increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will decrease the pressure within the lungs. This is called_____

		pump-controlled breathing
		forced inflation breathing
		negative-pressure breathing
		stretch breathing

6 points

QUESTION 5

Indentify which muscles are primarily responsible for quiet (normal, relaxed) inspiration?

		diaphragm
		internal intercostals
		sclaenes
		abdominal muscles

coffeepig115

1. Which of the following are considered blood vessels within the cardiovascular system? (Select all that apply.)

Veins

Arteries \

Epithelial tissue

Capillaries

Epidermis

2. The middle muscle layer found in the walls of the heart is the __________.

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Aorta

3. Blood is transported throughout the body via ___________.

Veins
Arteries

Capillaries

All of the above

4. The right atrium receives blood from all parts of the body except the ______________.

Abdominal cavity

Lungs

Dorsal cavity

Cranium

5. Blood carries which of the following?

Oxygen and cellular waste

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste

Nutrients, hormones, enzymes

Oxygen, nutrients, enzymes

6. Vocal chords are found in the ____________.

Bronchus

Trachea

Larynx and Pharynx

Nasal cavity

7. The trachea is mostly lined by ________________.

Alveoli

Ciliated

mucous membrane

Lung capillaries
Vocal chords

8. Excess CO2 from the body is __________________.

Stored in the pancreas

Digested by cells

Excreted by the respiration process

Used to make ATP

9. CO2 from the body is released into the lungs via _________________.

Ciliated mucous membrane

Alveolar air

Nasal cavity

Bronchial tree

10. The principal function(s) of gas exchange is ____________________.

To supply cells with oxygen

To remove CO2 from the body

Both A and B

Neither of the above

One of the most common chronic conditions affecting the respiratory system is asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation of the airways. When an asthma attack is triggered, the airways become even more inflamed and can restrict breathing. Common symptoms during an asthma attacks include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks can be fatal. People with a family history of asthma are more likely to have the condition. While there is no cure for asthma, proper medical care and a management plan can help to maintain quality of life for people living with asthma. There are different types of asthma, each with their own triggers and management plans. Type Description Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), or Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA) Some people only experience asthma symptoms during exercise. Exercise-induced asthma causes the narrowing of airways during exercise, which restricts the flow of air to and from the lungs. Cold, dry air tends to exacerbate symptoms, while warm, humid air may reduce symptoms. People with exercise-induced asthma should work with their doctor to create a management plan that still allows them to exercise while keeping their symptoms under control. Allergic Asthma Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma. It is triggered by inhaling allergen particulates, such as dust mites, pollen, pet dander, or mold. The bodyâs reaction to the allergens causes inflammation that results in coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms of asthma. Occupational Asthma Occupational asthma is caused by the frequent inhalation (breathing) of gases, fumes, dust, or other harmful substances in the workplace. Employees working in the chemical or petroleum industries are frequently exposed to chemicals such as Sulphur dioxide or hydrochloric acid, and may develop occupational asthma after prolonged exposure. Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is usually developed before age 5. It is a condition that affects millions of children. It is vital that childhood asthma is properly controlled to prevent damage to the developing lungs Risk factors: â¢ Allergies â¢ Family history â¢ Frequent respiratory infections â¢ Low birth-weight â¢ Second-hand smoke â¢ Residing in a low-income, urban environment

Asthma symptoms that are triggered by exposure to pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust mites is indicative of which of the following types of asthma:

Occupational asthma

Childhood asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

aquamarinecaribou889

12. Passive expiration is preceded by the:

a. recoil of the lungs

b. contraction of the internal intercostals muscles.

c. contraction of the diaphragm.

d. increase in atmospheric pressure.

e. increase in CO₂ in the blood

14. Type I alveolar cells:

a. secrete surfactant.

b. are squamous epithelial cells.

c. are macrophages.

d. function mainly in the diffusion of gases.

e. Both B and D.

15. Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the respiratory system?

a. external nares

b. uvula

c. epiglottis

d. choanae

e. mouth

19. Which of the following is NOT considered a function of the respiratory system?

a. Regulation of acid-base balance

b. Production of sound

c. Filtering inspired air

d. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissue cells

e. Intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide

20. Breathing is more difficult in higher altitudes because the

a. air weighs less

b. partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen is lower

c. partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide is higher

d. partial pressure of atmospheric nitrogen is lower

e. partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen is higher

27. During expiration a decrease in thoracic cavity size causes a (an) in pressure thus causing the lungs to recoil resulting in a (an) in pressure respectively.

a. decrease intraplueral; decrease intrapulmonary

b. decrease intraplueral; increase intrapulmonary

c. increase intraplueral; decrease intrapulmonary

d. decrease intrapulmonary; increase intraplueral

e. increase intrapleural ; increase intrapulmonary

66. During _____________ ______________, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood, and enters the alveoli.

68. Hemoglobin buffers the pH of the cytosol of RBC by combining with ______ions

PHIS 206 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Metabolic Water, Bronchiole, Intrapleural Pressure

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