BIOLOGY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Cholesterol, Cell Nucleus, Glycerol

62 views2 pages

blushcrow172

20 Jan 2016

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

Element specific type of atom: atoms given names based on number of protons in nucleus, atomic numbers number of protons in nucleus. Atoms combine with each other to form molecules. Molecules made of many, many atoms are large: called macromolecules. Proteins have many functions: transmembrane proteins. Transport proteins allow molecules to pass in/out of cell: enzymes make chemistry happen. Substrate comes in product (s) released. Sugar monomers typically are rings (cid:1) (cid:1) Fats: made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol, strung together to make a chain, saturated vs unsaturated. Saturated straight chains that can pack tightly and form a solid at room temperature. Unsaturated kinks allowing it to not pack rightly and be liquid at room temperature. Steroids: made of two fatty acids attached to glycerol. The 3rd glycerol slot attaches a phosphate: made of four carbon rings fused together, examples.

Related Questions

Material Science

Question 1

Muscle fibers slide smoothly across each other in both directions.

True

False

Question 2

Cell membranes are composed of single layers of fat molecules.

True

False

Question 3

In mammals, the percentage composition of fats and minerals is roughly the same.

True

False

Question 4

Both RNA and DNA have a double helix structure.

True

False

Question 5

The primary constituents of muscles are

	a)	the proteins kerotin and actin
	b)	the proteins lycine and actin
	c)	the proteins actin and liposine
	d)	the proteins glycine and lycine
	e)	the proteins myocin and actin

Question 6

Hydroxyapatite is a component of endoskeletons.

True

False

Question 7

There are thousands of types of amino acids.

True

False

Question 8

Amorphous silicon is a component of some biomaterials.

True

False

Question 9

The biosynthesis of both collagen and polysaccharides starts in the cell nucleus.

True

False

Question 10

After going through alkyline hydrolysis, the remaining solids are primarily hydroxyapatite.

True

False

Question 11

Calcium carbonate is a mineral found in some biomaterials.

True

False

Question 12

Proteins, chitin, and cellulose are build up from proteins

True

False

Question 13

There are thousands of types of proteins.

True

False

Question 14

Chitin is the most abundant natural polymer.

True

False

Question 15

Keratin is formed from a structure of living cells.

True

False

Question 16

Some biopolymers are hard.

True

False

Question 17

Polymeric biomaterials are comprised of collagen and elastin.

True

False

Question 18

Cell membranes are made of double layers of proteins.

True

False

Question 19

Which is NOT an example of a hard biopolymer?

		a)Eggs
		b)Insect Shells
		c)Hooves
		d)Nails
		e)Cellulose

Question 20

Polysaccharides are built up hierarchically from amino acids.

True

False

Question 21

Unit cells have faces that are

	a)	rhombus
	b)	square
	c)	rectangular
	d)	parallelegrams
	e)	circular

Question 22

Unit cells are

		a)the building blocks of crystalline material
		b)the building blocks of DNA
		c)the building blocks of polymers
		d)the building blocks of amorphous materials
		e)the building blocks of biomaterials

Question 23

Which radioactive semi-metal is the only element with a Simple-Cubic (SC) structure?

		a)Polonium
		b)Uranium
		c)Radium
		d)Plutonium
		e)Dilthium

Question 24

The common crystal structures in metal are

		a)FCC, BCC, HCP
		b)FCC, BCC, HCP, and SC
		c)HCC, BCC, FCP
		d)HCC, BCC, FCP and SC
		e)FCC, SEC, BCC

Question 25

Diffraction results in

		a)constructive interference
		b)delamination of the planes
		c)reverse polarization
		d)altered planar spacing
		e)destructive interference

Question 26

Unit cell indexing schemes provide

		a)location information for grain boundaries
		b)descriptions of the atoms, planes, and axis directions
		c)diffraction indexes for the crystal material
		d)the location of the unit cell in the larger crystalline matrix
		e)the packing arrangement

Question 27

Hexagonal crystal structures cannot be close-packed.

True

False

Question 28

To determine crystal structure and spacing, scientists use

		a)magnetic resonance imaging
		b)X-ray diffraction
		c)optical microscopes
		d)scanning electron microscopes
		e)atomic force microscopes

Question 29

A scanning probe (aka atomic force) microscope can be used to image and manipulate individual atoms.

True

False

Question 30

Crystal planar density is taken as

		a)the number of atoms per unit area for a plane
		b)the planar stacking order
		c)the number of atoms that are closely packed
		d)the number of equivalent atoms per unit cell
		e)the number of atoms per unit length for an axis

Question 31

The atomic packing factor represents

		a)the mass ratio of the unit cell
		b)the number of nearest-neighbor atoms
		c)the fraction of solid sphere volume in the unit cell
		d)the unit cell edge length (a) divided by the atomic radius (R)
		e)the density of the material

Question 32

When an elemental solid can have more than one crystal structure, it is said to have

		a)allotropy
		b)polymorphism
		c)polytropy
		d)elemorphism
		e)anthropomorphis

Question 33

The crystallographic linear density

		a)is determined by the atomic packing factor
		b)is six for HCP unit cells
		c)is five for BCP unit cells
		d)is determined by the coordination number
		e)is how many atoms lie along a unit length in that direction

Question 34

Bragg's law specifies

		a)the condition for when electrons will be refracted upon striking a crystal
		b)the condition for when light will be polarized upon striking a crystal
		c)the condition for when x-rays will be absorbed upon striking a crystal
		d)the condition for when x-rays will be refracted upon striking a crystal
		e)the condition for when light will be refracted upon striking a crystal

Question 35

Two features of a crystal unit cell structure are

		a)atomic number and elemental packing factor
		b)the number of interstitial and host atoms
		c)coordination number and atomic packing factor
		d)the number of faces and the number of atoms
		e)the number of substitutional and interstitial atoms

Question 36

Imperfections in semiconductors are used to create transistors and other electronic devices.

True

False

Question 37

The majority of crystalline solids are single crystals

True

False

Question 38

The grain structure of a polycrystalline material can be observed in the material without significant preparation.

True

False

Question 39

There are three types of electron microscopes, Transmission (TEM), Scanning (SEM), and Tunneling (TUEM).

True

False

Question 40

Defects are important for solid catalysts

True

False

Question 41

The mean intercept length is a measure of grain diameter.

True

False

Question 42

Imperfections in materials do not generally change their properties.

True

False

Question 43

The mean intercept length is computed from the average length of a grain boundary edge.

True

False

Question 44

Catalysts chemically combine with the reactant molecules in order to speed up the reaction.

True

False

Question 45

For a particular material, the higher the temperature the greater the number of vacancies.

True

False

Question 46

A twin boundary is a linear defect where the screw angles on each side of the boundary are equal.

True

False

Question 47

The regular pattern of crystal order is disrupted at a grain boundary.

True

False

Question 48

Solid solutions can only be formed by liquid material cooling to a solid.

True

False

Question 49

Alloys do not usually have significantly difference properties of the constituent metals.

True

False

Question 50

When an atom is missing from a crystal structure position, it is referred to as a self-interstitial.

True

False

byzantiumpig518

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

5. If presented with a research study, propose what the Research Question was.

6. If presented with an example, tell whether a statement is a hypothesis, theory or law and why you think so.

Describe the general structure of atoms and their constituent particles.

Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

Compare and contrast the types of atomic interactions (bonds) that lead to the formation of molecules.

Tell which atoms and how many of each make up a given molecule (formula or diagram).

For a bond in a given molecule, tell whether the bond is covalent, and if it is, tell whether it is polar or nonpolar and why you think so.

Explain the concept of electronegativity and how it contributes to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Tell whether a given atom is electronegative or not, and why you think so. Label partial charges in a polar bond.

Draw five water molecules and label the atoms and bonds within and between the 5 molecules.

Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

List the properties of water that make it a valuable solvent, and distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

Explain how water has the ability to ionize into hydroxide ions (OH^â) and into hydrogen ions (H⁺), and how the H⁺ concentration is expressed as a solution's pH.

Explain the properties of carbon that make it the chemical basis of all life.

Describe the variety and chemical characteristics of common functional groups of organic compounds.

Diagram how small molecules may be assembled into larger ones by dehydration reactions and how hydrolysis reactions can reverse this process.

List the four major classes of organic molecules and macromolecules found in living organisms

If shown a molecule, tell whether it is organic or not and how you know.

If shown an organic molecule, tell whether it is an amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid, steroid, monosaccharide or disaccharide and how you know.

Distinguish among different forms of carbohydrate molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Relate the functions of plant and animal polysaccharides to their structure.

List the several different classes of lipid molecules important in living organisms.

Diagram the structure of a triglyceride and explain how it is affected by the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Explain why some fats are solid at room temperature, and others are liquid.

Discuss how fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of cellular membranes.

Describe the chemical nature of steroids and give an example of their biological importance.

Give examples of the general types of functions that are carried out in cells by different types of proteins.

Explain how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, and distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

Describe the levels of protein structure and the factors that determine them. If shown a protein diagram, label parts that represent its levels of structure. Tell what kind of research techniques are used to determine protein structure.

Outline the bonding forces important in determining protein shape and function.

Explain what domains are and their importance in proteins.

Describe the three components of nucleotides.

Distinguish between the structures of DNA and RNA.

Tell how certain bases pair with others in DNA and RNA.

Discuss the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules found in living things, including structure, function and location of each.

Compare and contrast the general structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Outline the differences in complexity among bacteria, animal, and plant cells.

Describe how a eukaryotic cell can be viewed as four interacting systems: the nucleus, cytosol, endomembrane system, and semiautonomous organelles.

Explain how the proteome underlies the structure and function of cells.

Analyze how cell size and shape affect the surface area/volume ratio.

Identify the location of the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell and list its general functions.

Describe the three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Identify which underlie cilia, flagella, centrioles, the nuclear lamina, and the brush border. Tell which are readily assembled and disassembled. Tell which are involved in various cell shape changes or movements.

Explain how motor proteins interact with microtubules or actin filaments to promote cellular movement.

Describe the structure and organization of the cell nucleus. Describe the structure and function of nuclear pores.

Outline the structures and general functions of the components of the endomembrane system.

Distinguish between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Identify three important functions of the plasma membrane.

Tell why mitochondria and chloroplasts are called semi-autonomous organelles.

Discuss the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory.

Outline the structures and general functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Explain how proteins are moved via vesicles through the endomembrane system.

If you are told about the function of a specific protein, tell where and in what type of cell that protein might be found.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ animal cell and a real animal cell such as a red blood cell or a muscle cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ plant cell and a real plant cell such as a root or leaf cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure. Tell why membranes are described as âfluid mosaicsâ.

Draw 10 phospholipid molecules as they would be arranged in a bilayer. Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

61. Name all the places in a cell where membranes are found.

62. Describe at least three different categories of membrane proteins and tell what they do.

63. Describe what determines how fluid membranes are.

64. Explain how lipids are synthesized at the ER membrane.

65. Explain how transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane.

66. Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.

67. Explain the process of osmosis and how it affects cell structure.

68. Outline the functional differences between channels and transporters. Compare and contrast uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.

69. Explain the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport.

70. Describe the structure and function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells and a similar pump in plants and prokaryotes.

71. Describe exocytosis and endocytosis and tell what molecules are moved across the membrane by these.

Discuss membrane transport, including its function and various forms and why all membranes have each form.

73. If a given cellular process is described, tell which form of transport might be involved.

List the different categories of animal tissue, providing general functions and specific examples of each.

Name the various organ systems found in many animals, list the components of each, and describe their general functions.

bluebeaver798

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

Flag this Question

Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

Flag this Question

Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

Flag this Question

Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

Flag this Question

Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

Flag this Question

Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

Flag this Question

Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

Flag this Question

Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

Flag this Question

Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

Flag this Question

Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

Flag this Question

Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

Flag this Question

Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

Flag this Question

Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

Flag this Question

Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

Flag this Question

Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

Flag this Question

Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

Flag this Question

Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

Flag this Question

Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

Flag this Question

Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

Flag this Question

Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

Flag this Question