THEO-001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Ibn Arabi, Tawhid

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28 May 2022

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Georgetown University

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Theology

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THEO-001

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Righteousness and being good regardless of the struggle. Following in the traditions of the prophet mohammed. Two types of struggle big one - inner struggle , against one"s negative traits, against one"s ego, self-control. very intellectual, moral courage, self-restraint small one - external one, fighting for one"s country, justice. Reconcile both, jihad within the jihad the way u behave internally in the midst of the external struggle, hard to be fair merciful when you are fighting. In comparison to god essence of everything is nonexistent. Wahdat al wujud - unity of existence which refers to god; god and their creations are entirely separate entities. Shirk - association//something or somebody is worshiped in addition to god and that is the greatest error or greatest source of sin/polytheism. Anything that is worshiped in additional or in association with god is unreal and hidden.

Related Questions

The traditional U.S. auto industry (the Big Three) has struggled for many years against competition from foreign-owned automobile companies. Their struggle was dramatically heightened in 2008 with the world-wide credit crunch and economic slowdown.

Automakers came to Washington in late 2008 asking for federal financial aid to avoid bankruptcy and possible liquidation. Their reception was chilly, but after heated debate, General Motors and Chrysler were granted government loans and loan guarantees. Ford Motor Company decided to rescind its request for government aid in order to avoid the conditions placed upon the proffered loans. At present, Ford and General Motors are profitable again; Chrysler continues to struggle but is making some economic headway. As part of the conditions placed upon the economic assistance, Chrysler is now controlled by Fiat.

1. Should the U.S. Government (which means, the U.S. taxpayers) have aided the automobile industry? Why or why not? As part of your discussion, keep in mind that the U.S. already has another successful automobile manufacturing industry, but it is not centered in the north of the country. Toyota, Honda, Daimler-Benz, and others have manufacturing plants in the South that, although impacted by credit crunches and recessions, have done well while the Big Three struggled.

2. What policy towards the automakers should we pursue? Should government leaders have provided outright grants to struggling automakers; what about more loans or loan guarantees? Should we have stood back and let the market determine which companies stood or fell? Should we have encouraged mergers, and, if so, based on what criteria?

3. Concentrate on using your managerial economics knowledge, tools, and concepts to weigh the pros and cons of the alternative paths the government could follow regarding domestic automakers. Make your arguments as a trained economist able to rationally analyze a vexing problem. Support your positions with the wealth of material in this week's assigned reading.

coralsalmon526

Excerpts from âOn the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type,â by Alfred Russel Wallace [Read July 1st, 1858].

The life of wild animals is a struggle for existence. The full exertion of all their
faculties and all their energies is required to preserve their own existence and
provide for that of their infant offspring. The possibility of procuring food during
the least favourable seasons, and of escaping the attacks of their most dangerous
enemies, are the primary conditions which determine the existence both of
individuals and of entire species. These conditions will also determine the population of a species; and by a careful consideration of all the circumstances we may be enabled to comprehend, and in some degree to explain, what at first sight appears so inexplicableâthe excessive abundance of some species, while others closely allied to them are very rare. ...

... It is also evident that most changes would affect, either favourably or adversely, the powers of prolonging existence. An antelope with shorter or weaker legs must necessarily suffer more from the attacks of the feline carnivora; the passenger pigeon with less powerful wings would sooner or later be affected in its powers of procuring a regular
supply of food; and in both cases the result must necessarily be a diminution of the population of the modified species. If, on the other hand, any species should produce a variety having slightly increased powers of preserving existence that variety must inevitably in time acquire a superiority in numbers. ...

Complete the chart below for the excerpt from Wallaceâs paper. Provide examples of evolution by natural selection that Wallace used in his writing. Describe the species, the variations among individuals, the selective pressure, and how species change over time.

2 examples must be provided for each question and species.

Wallace âNatural Selection

Species:

What trait varies within the species?

What is the selective pressure? (In other words, what causes some individuals to produce more offspring than others?)

How would the population change over time?

home / study / business / economics / questions and answers / Question 1 Which Of The Following Is The Best Example ... Question: Question 1 Which of the following is the best exam... Bookmark Question 1 Which of the following is the best example of a positive externality? A car company lays off 10,000 employees in order to cut costs. An individual drives a large SUV, which increases the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. An individual smokes in a restaurant, which bothers other patrons. A child is vaccinated against a disease, which reduces the probability that other children will catch the disease. 4 points Question 2 As a result of a negative externality, the market equilibrium quantity is too ______ compared to the socially optimal quantity. As a result of a positive externality, the market equilibrium quantity is too ______ compared to the socially optimal quantity. high; high. low; low. high; low. low; high. 4 points Question 3 Based on the diagram below, the deadweight loss area associated with the market equilibrium equals: Week06_graph1.jpg $10 $50 $80 $1,000 4 points Question 4 A firm's accounting profit is given by total revenue: less implicit costs. less explicit costs. less economic profit. less implicit and explicit costs. 4 points Question 5 Suppose an activity has a private cost equal to $30 and a private benefit equal to $30. The associated social cost equals $35 and the social benefit equals $30. Which of the following statements is true about this activity? There is a negative externality associated with this activity but not a positive externality. There is a positive externality associated with this activity but not a negative externality. There is both a positive and a negative externality associated with this activity. There is neither a positive nor a negative externality associated with this activity. 4 points Question 6 The Coase Theorem implies that: the efficient level of an externality is generally zero. private individuals living in market economies should not be concerned with externalities. government intervention is not always needed to arrive at the efficient level of an externality. government laws are unnecessary. 4 points Question 7 An industry in which a small number of large firms sell products that are either close or perfect substitutes is: perfectly competitive. monopolistically competitive. an oligopoly. a monopoly. 4 points Question 8 When a negative externality is present in a market: a tax can increase the level of economic surplus. the social benefits are greater than the private benefits. there is generally too little of the good produced by private markets. the government should ensure that there are zero external costs associated in all markets. 4 points Question 9 In the presence of a positive externality, the government can arrive at the socially optimal output level by: paying producers a subsidy equal to the amount of social benefits associated with the activity. charging producers a tax equal to the amount of social costs associated with the activity. paying producers a subsidy equal to the amount of external benefits associated with the activity. charging producers a tax equal to the amount of external costs associated with the activity. 4 points Question 10 The tragedy of the commons is that: too few individuals have access to high quality healthcare. common people overconsume public goods. the quality of life for lower income people is generally lower than that of higher income people. a resource with no price tends to be exploited until its marginal benefit falls to zero. 4 points Question 11 One potential remedy to the tragedy of the commons is to: never allow a single individual to consume more than one percent of the common resource. criminalize the usage of common resources. allow individuals to use a common resource as long as they receive some benefit from doing so. place a common resource under private ownership. 4 points Question 12 As a result of a positional externality: contestants have a tendency to invest in a series of mutually offsetting investments in performance enhancement. there is generally an underinvestment in performance enhancement. the market price of performance enhancement materials is too high. the quality of performance in competitive situations is lower than the socially optimal level. 4 points Question 13 Which of the following statements is true regarding health insurance? Economics shows that all health related procedures should be free to individuals because the health of an individual is priceless. Total economic surplus would be larger if individuals faced an incentive to only use services when the benefit exceeds their costs. Health maintenance organizations provide an incentive for doctors to prescribe expensive nonessential services. First dollar insurance coverage has likely had very little to do with rising healthcare expenditures since World War II. 4 points Question 14 A strategy that yields a higher payoff no matter what the other players in the game choose is known as a: prisoner's strategy. dominated strategy. dominant strategy. Nash strategy.

THEO-001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Ibn Arabi, Tawhid

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