BSC 251 Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Salivary Gland, Large Intestine, Mouth

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stephanie-coleman

18 Oct 2022

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2: which use chemical digestion, small intestine, pancreas, liver, salivary glands, stomach, gallbladder, define peritoneum terms, peritoneum. Separates liver into left and right lobules: connects liver to diaphragm, label the 4 quadrant system. Innermost layer: epithelial tissue, submucosa, all nerve endings and blood vessels, muscularis externa, longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, serosa, makes serous fluid, label: term, goblet cells, lamina propria, epithelial cells, connective tissue. 6: knife/stab wound, stomach distention, diarrhea, inflammation of the peritoneum, invasive trauma, nausea, vomiting. 7: stomach, storage and mixing organ, rugae expanse to increase surface area. Signal to the body that digestion is either beginning or taking place. Simple columnar epithelial cells: contain goblet cells. Secrete mucin + water = mucus: acts as a buffer, counteracts parietal cells that secrete hcl- Stomach ulcer: when the hcl- begins to damage the stomach buffer / goblet cells most likely malfunctioning, smoking, alcohol overuse,

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1. Where does most chemical breakdown of carbohydrates occur? A. The stomach B. The small intestine C. The large intestine D. The mouth

2. The pancreas produces

	A.	bicarbonate and enzymes.
	B.	bile and enzymes.
	C.	bicarbonate and bile.
	D.	pepsin and bile.

3. Bile participates in the digestion of ______. Its specific function is to ______.

	A.	proteins . . . break down proteins into short polypeptides
	B.	fats . . . emulsify fats
	C.	fats . . . break down fats into glycerol and fatty acids
	D.	starch . . . break down starch into maltose

4. After chemical breakdown in the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed across the intestinal wall. Where do the nutrients go from there?

	A.	Fats go into the bloodstream to the liver. Water soluble nutrients go into the lymphatic system.
	B.	All nutrients go into the bloodstream to the liver.
	C.	All nutrients go into the lymphatic system.
	D.	Water soluble nutrients go into the bloodstream to the liver. Fats go into the lymphatic system.

5. The enzyme pepsin is found in the ________ and functions to _______________.

	A.	small intestine . . . break down carbohydrates
	B.	stomach . . . partially break down proteins
	C.	mouth . . . partially break down proteins
	D.	stomach . . . break down carbohydrates

6. The major function of the colon in digestion is to

	A.	produce bile.
	B.	break down fats.
	C.	absorb most nutrients.
	D.	reclaim water.

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5. Fats A. Chemical digestion of lipids occurs primarily in the small intestine. Before enzymes can break down fats like triglycerides (the most common type of fat in our foods), they must undergo emulsification. Describe the process of emulsification. Name the substance which performs this job. Name the organ that synthesizes this substance. Name the organ which stores and concentrates this substance. How does this substance get into the duodenum of the small intestine? B. After fats are emulsified, they are chemically digested. What is the general name for enzymes which digest fats? Name all of the organs which synthesize and secrete this enzyme into the digestive tract. C. Cholesterol is a type of fat. Why is it important to have some cholesterol in our diets? Why is it important not to have too much cholesterol in our diets?

6. Waste Production A. The large intestine AKA colon is the digestive organ which produces feces. Starting with the cecum and ending with the anus, name ALL parts of the large intestine in order. B. How does the large intestine convert liquid waste from the small intestine into solid waste to be eliminated from the body? C. Name 5 components of fecal matter. NOTE that the small intestine absorbs ALL of the digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in our diets; thus, these nutrients must NOT be in your list.

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3. Carbohydrates A. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the oral cavity. Name the enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion. Name the 3 sets of organs that secrete this enzyme. B. Describe how carbohydrates are chemically digested in the small intestine. Include a discussion of brush border enzymes. C. Does the pancreas release any enzymes which chemically digest carbohydrates? If yes, name it (them). How does pancreatic juice enter the small intestine? D. Fiber (AKA cellulose in plant cell walls) is not digestible. Why not? Despite not being digestible, fiber is beneficial to our health. Why?

4. Proteins A. Where are proteins first digested chemically? What enzyme initiates protein digestion? B. Does the pancreas release any enzymes that chemically digest proteins? If yes, name it (them). C. Describe 3 ways in which the body uses these protein subunits.

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BSC 251 Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Salivary Gland, Large Intestine, Mouth

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