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BISC 162 Chapter Notes - Chapter Ch 20-33: Paraphyly, Stoma, Rhizome

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asmith2021
8 Feb 2023
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UM
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Biology
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BISC 162
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Chapter20 1 all oflifeisconnectedthroughits evolutionaryhistory mologousanyfeaturessnaredbytwoormorespeciesthathavebeeninheritedfromacommonancestor featuresincludeanyheritabletraits dnasequencesproteinstructures anatomicalstructures somebehaviorpatterns ex alllivingvertebrateshaveavertebralcolumn asdidtheancestralvertebrate vertebralcolumnis homologousinallvertebrates wedtraitsprovideevidenceofevolutionaryrelationships eachcharacterofanorganismevolvesfromonecondition ancestraltraitstoanothercondition derivedtraits ancestraltraittraitoriginallypresentintheancestorof agivengroupmayberetainedorchangedinthedescendantsofthatancestor derivedtrait atraitthatdiffersfromtheancestraltrait synapomorphies derivedtraitsthataresnaredamongagroupoforganisms notallsimilartraits relatedness reasonforsimilartraitinunrelatedgroupsoforganisms. Coimilarityofcentaceanandfishtinsdoesnotsuggestacloserelationshipbetweenthesegroups similarityarisesfromevolutionaryreversal homoplasieschomoplastictraits similartraitsgeneratedbyconvergentevolutionandevolutionaryreversals: 2 phylogeny can be reconstructedfromtraits oforganisms irsimonyprovidesthesimplestexplanationforphylogeneticdata parsimonyprincipleestatesthatpreferredexplanationofobserveddataisthesimplestexplanation minimizingthenumberofevolutionarychanges besthypothesis onethatrequiresthefewesthomoplasies hylogeniesarereconstructedfrommanysourcesofdata morphology thepresencesizeshapeandotherattributesofbodyparts developmentpaleontologybehaviormoleculardata. Linnaeanclassificationisbasedonstandardtaxonranks genusgenera agroupofcloselyrelatedspecies family animalsi i idae s plantsc aceae. Lateralgenetransfer canleadto discordantgenetrees someprocessesallowthetransferofgeneticinformationbetweensomeprokaryoteswithoutreproduction lateralgenetransfer horizontalgenetransferstransferofgenesfromonespeciestoanother commonamongbacteria i archaea kindsofgenesinvolved genesthatresultin a newadaptationthatconfershigherfitness endosymbiosis oneofthesymbioticorganismsliveinsidetheother. 24. 3 ecological communities dependon prokaryotes biofilms acommunityof microorganisms embeddedin a polysaccharidematrix microbiomesthecommunityofbacteriaandarchaeathatliveinandonourbodies. 25. 1 eukaryotesacquiredfeaturesfrombotharchaeaandbacteria protists eukaryotesthatarenotplantsanimals orfungi eukaryotes originatedfromarchaealancestorfollowedbyendosymbioseswithbacterialineagewhichledto mitochondriaandchloroplasts. 26. 1 primaryendosymbiosisproduced the first photosynthetic eukaryotes catabolismreverseofphotosynthesis primaryendosymbiosis is asharedderivedtrait synapomorphy ofthegroup plantae thefirstseveralcladestobranchoffafterprimaryendosymbiosis areallaquatic mostaquaticphotosyntheticeukaryotesareknownasalgae severaldistinctcladesofalgaewereamongthefirstphotosyntheticeukaryotes almostallredalgaearemulticellular greenplants containbothchlorophylls a sib storetheirreserveof photosyntheticproducts asstarchinchloroplast remainingalgalgroupsinplantae greenalgae chlorophytes largestcladeof greenalgae. Adaptationsto life on landplantsfromgreenalgae survivalonlandwasfacilitatedbytheevolutionamongplantsofnumerousadaptations including cuticlecoatingofwaxylipids preventswaterloss stomatasmallclosableopeningsinleavesestemsthatareusedtoregulategasexchangeiwaterloss gametangiamulticellularorgansthatencloseplantgametes ipreventthemfromdryingout embryosyoungplantscontainedwithin a protectivestructure certainpigmentsthatcanaffordprotectionagainstuvradiation thicksporewallscontainga polymerthatprotectsthesporesfrom dessication drying and resistsdecay mutuallybeneficialassociationwithfungi mycorrhizae thatpromotesnutrientuptakefromthesoil.

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Related Questions

Most animals with backbones, vertebrates, have a similar body plan: skull, ribs, two pairs of limbs, tail. What does this suggest about vertebrates?

A.

Vertebrates are the best designed organisms.
B.

Vertebrates all adapted to similar environmental conditions.
C.

Vertebrates all have similar lifestyles.
D.

Vertebrates have been around longer than most other organisms.
E.

Vertebrates are all related to a common ancestor.

An African monkey has a DNA sequence that is 96.66% similar to a human sequence. According to the molecular clock, about how long ago did the common ancestor for African monkeys and humans live?

2.5–3 million years ago
5–6 million years ago
13–16 million years ago

17–20 million years ago

Humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor that lived approximately 5 million years ago. Scientists have amassed an impressive collection of fossils for ancestors to modern humans and placed these ancestors in chronological order to observe the changes that occurred as these organisms evolved more human-like characteristics. Which lines of evidence provide the basis for stating that humans and chimps have a common ancestor that lived approximately 5 million years ago?

homologous structures in humans and chimps
DNA sequence similarity
changes in bone structure
vestigial structures in humans

Which description applies to a vestigial structure or trait?

It is the result of convergent evolution.
It represents evidence supporting the common descent and separate types models for modern organisms.
It did not have a necessary function in more ancestral organisms, but it does in more evolved organisms.

It is a type of homologous trait that is found in diverse organisms.

Which organisms are most closely related?

Bears and raccoons, which are both in the order Carnivora
Cougar and lynx, which are both in the family Felidae
Bread molds and yeast, which are both in the kingdom Fungi
Woodpeckers and warblers, which are both In the class Aves

Building phylogenic trees is a powerful approach to modelcurrent hypotheses of the evolutionary relationships of organisms.Most phylogenies are constructed using cladistics. Which statementsbelow apply to cladistics? 1) Homologous characteristics oforganisms are used to infer patterns of relatedness between theorganisms. 2) An outgroup, consisting of a lineage known to havediverged before the lineages beings studied, is used as a referenceof ancestral traits. 3) Parsimony, which involves selecting thehypothesis with the fewest evolutionary steps, is used to choosebetween possible phylogenies. 4) Overall phenotypic similarity isused to group organisms together regardless of their evolutionaryrelationships.