CHEM 2323 Study Guide - Electrophile, Nucleophile
Document Summary
Electronsexists inorbitalsthat can be used to predictthepropertiesofatoms and molecules. Atomicorbitalsaregroupedintoshells n netholdstwo e n 3nods ise 2in3sbin3p10in3d nanoideight. Introduction and review cloudofelectrons e nucleus protonsandneutrons canaandensity adsaresphericallysymmetricalandnondirectional degenerateorbitalsdueto theiridenticalenergies. H c c h acetylene valenceis thenumberofbondsthat anatomusuallyform. I electronsshared unequally electronsshared b equally m s x d charge separation bond length. Fc valence j nonbonding comparethatto noofvalence inneutralatom s snared . Yzofbonding noofbondingpairs eg methane ch or h h. H fc i o i o c fc 4 o 4 0. Resonancestabilizedcationinvolvesspreadingof positivechargeovertwoatomsmakingthemoleculemorestable each c o bondis halfwaybetween a singlebond and adoublebond bonaorder of i"s. Onlyelectronscanbeshifted usually indoublebondslonepairs no mane ans msn. mn sam. os allatomshaveoctets or resonance contributors hasthelowestenergy aremore stableon moreelectronegativeatoms. Stepsfordrawingresonance structures calculate no of valencee in themolecule calculate no oflonepairs ofcentralatom. 1 10 structural formulas condensed structural forming lineangle form bondsare representedbylines carbonatomsexistwherezinesmeet or wherelinesstartandend. 1 11 molecularand empiricalformulas eg givenanunknowncompoundhas 40 o carbon 6. 67 hydrogenand remainderofoxygen. A t h o ort t ha.
