PSYC 3402 Chapter Notes - Chapter 17: Macular Degeneration, Orgasm, Retina

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ashelle

20 May 2023

School

Northeastern University

Department

Psychology

Course

PSYC 3402

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Migration patterns, extended family connections, and rates of smoking. Women have a higher life expectancy than men health attitudes, habits, lifestyles, and occupations. Men are more likely than women to die from most of the leading causes of death in the us cancer of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, emphysema, and heart disease. Women are more likely than men to die from alzheimers and some aspects of cardiovascular disease biological factors. Women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases longest average longevity in the us belongs to seventh day adventists. Centenarians: individuals 100 years and older in developed countries, the number of centenarians is increasing at 7% a year. The us has the most centenarians, then china, japan, and england supercentenarian: applied to individuals who live to be 110. The young-old and the oldest-old young-old: 65-84 yrs oldest-old: 85+ Mostly female - widowed and live alone, if not institutionalized.

Related Questions

24. You would really like to minimize any possible experimenter expectancy effects in your study. What can you do? A) use a double-blind procedure B) use a placebo C) decrease internal validity D) increase the demand characteristics E) nothing - you cannot minimize experimenter effects

17. A motivation theorist who believes in the expectancy X value theory of motivation would most likely say that two people can respond differently to the same incentive because A) they have different drives B) they have different unconscious motives C) they have different deficiency needs D) they evaluate the worth of the incentive differently E) they have different instincts

Procedural details:

The continuous EEG of thirteen unique participants were recorded over 12 experimental sessions. One participant took part twice. All participants natively spoke a language that made the [tha] versus [da] distinction.
Stimuli were natural productions of [tha] and [da]. Stimuli were produced by a native female speaker of North American English.
There was only one experimental block. The aspirated [tha] was the repeated standard and unaspirated [da] was the infrequent deviant.
Data from Fp1, Fp2, Cz and Fz were recorded.
Two mastoid channels were recorded and linked in post-processing to create an average mastoid reference.
The participants heard 60 repetitions of the deviant [da] and approximately 420 repetitions of the standard [tha]. This was a ratio of approximately seven standards for every deviant that was presented to the participant.
Offline, the data was epoched, with 100 ms before the presentation of the stimulus and 800 ms after the presentation of the stimulus.

Questions:

Consult EEG and speech processing. What kind of experimental design is this? How do you know?
Given the Procedural details above and course content, provide specific predictions for what you expect? Assume that the participants can contrast [tha] and [da].

Do you predict there to be differences?
If so, at what time points?
Which response do you anticipate to be more negative?
What is the unit of Time measurement on the x-axis in a plot based on the experiment?

Now imagine that the participants were speakers of a language that did not contrast [tha] and [da], e.g., Spanish or Russian. State explicitly your predictions along the same lines as the answer to Question 2.
According to the experiment/procedures, which predictions are met? Be specific. Make particular reference to the imaginary plot and identify any parts of the ERP responses that might be different between the two conditions.

Is this in the time window that you expect?
Is it in the appropriate direction? That is, is the response that is expected to be more positive, indeed more positive and the response that is expected to be more negative, indeed more negative? Also, did you expect to observe a more pronounced peak to the standard or to the deviant?

1. Can you conclude that the particular design is tapping into phonetic or phonological representations? Make specific reference to the potential levels of sound representations (e.g., acoustic, phonetic, phonological). Explain why you can or cannot conclude that this design taps into a specific level of representation.

Use references:

Kazanina, N., Phillips, C., & Idsardi, W. (2006). The influence of meaning on the perception of speech sounds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(30), 11381-11386.
Phillips, et al. (2000). Auditory cortex accesses phonological categories: an MEG mismatch study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(6), 1038-1055.

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PSYC 3402 Chapter Notes - Chapter 17: Macular Degeneration, Orgasm, Retina

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