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PSY 1200 Chapter Notes - Chapter Chapter 2: Prenatal Development, Global Brain, Olfactory Bulb

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unknown924
28 May 2023
School
Fitchburg State
Department
Psychological Science
Course
PSY 1200
Professor
Hildy Schilling

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1 Body Growth
and Change
PATTERNS OF
GROWTH
Two key patterns of growth are the cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns.
The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the fastest growth in the
human body occurs at the top, with the head. Physical growth in size, weight, and
feature differentiation gradually works its way down from the top to the bottom
(for example, neck, shoulders, middle trunk, and so on). This same pattern
occurs in the head area, because the top parts of the headā€”the eyes and brainā€”
grow faster than the lower parts, such as the jaw. During prenatal development
and early infancy, the head constitutes an extraordinarily large proportion of the
total body
The proximodistal pattern is the growth sequence that starts at the center of the
body and moves toward the extremities. An example is the early maturation of
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muscular control of the trunk and arms, compared with that of the hands and
fingers. Further, infants use the whole hand as a unit before they can control
several fingers.
An important point about growth is that it often is not smooth and
continuous but rather is episodic, occurring in spurts (Adolph, 2018). In
infancy, growth spurts may occur in a single day and alternate with long
time frames characterized by little or no growth for days and weeks
Infancy
The average North American newborn is 20 inches long and weighs 7Ā½
pounds. Ninety-five percent of full-term newborns are 18 to 22 inches
long and weigh between 5Ā½ and 10 pounds.
In the first several days of life, most newborns lose 5 to 7 percent of their
body weight. Once infants adjust to sucking, swallowing, and digesting,
they grow rapidly, gaining an average of 5 to 6 ounces per week during
the first month. Typically, they have doubled their birth weight by the
age of 4 months and have nearly tripled it by their first birthday. Infants
grow about Ā¾ inch per month during the first year, increasing their birth
length by about 40 percent by their first birthday.
Infantsā€™ rate of growth slows considerably in the second year of life
(Hockenberry, Wilson, & Rodgers, 2019). By 2 years of age, infants weigh
approximately 26 to 32 pounds, having gained a quarter to half a pound
per month during the second year; at age 2 they have reached about one-
fifth of their adult weight. The average 2-year-old is 32 to 35 inches tall,
which is nearly one-half of adult height.
Early Childhood
What is the overall growth rate like in early childhood? As the preschool
child grows older, the percentage of increase in height and weight
decreases with each additional year (Marcdante & Kliegman, 2018). Girls
are only slightly smaller and lighter than boys during these years. Both
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boys and girls slim down as the trunks of their bodies lengthen. Although
their heads are still somewhat large for their bodies, by the end of the
preschool years most children have lost their top-heavy look. Body fat
also shows a slow, steady decline during the preschool years. Girls have
more fatty tissue than boys; boys have more muscle tissue
In sum, the main factors that contribute to childrenā€™s height are genetic
influences, ethnic origin, and nutrition.
Middle and Late Childhood
The period of middle and late childhood involves slow, consistent growth (Perry
& others, 2018). This is a period of calm before the rapid growth spurt of
adolescence.
During the elementary school years, children grow an average of 2 to 3 inches a
year. At the age of 8, the average girl and the average boy are 4 feet 2 inches tall.
During the middle and late childhood years, children gain about 5 to 7 pounds a
year. The average 8-year-old girl and the average 8-year-old boy weigh 56
pounds. The weight increase is due mainly to increases in the size of the skeletal
and muscular systems, as well as the size of some body organs. Muscle mass and
strength gradually increase as ā€œbaby fatā€ decreases in middle and late childhood
Changes in proportions are among the most pronounced physical
changes in middle and late childhood. Head circumference, waist
circumference, and leg length decrease in relation to body height
PUBERTY
Puberty is a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early
adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that take
place during this period of development (Nguyen, 2019). In this section, we
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