PSY 2010 Chapter Notes -6 Years, Phenylketonuria, Behavioural Genetics
28 May 2023
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Development- The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and
continues through the life span.
Culture- The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are
passed on from generation to generation.
cross-cultural studies- Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures.
These provide information about the degree to which children’s development is similar,
or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific.
socioeconomic status (SES)-Categorization based on a person’s occupational,
educational, and economic characteristics.
biological processes-Changes in an individual’s body.
cognitive processes- Changes in an individual’s thinking, intelligence, and
language skills.
socioemotional processes- Changes in an individual’s interpersonal
relationships, emotions, and personality.
prenatal period- The time from conception to birth.
Infancy- The developmental period that extends from birth to about 18 to 24
months.
early childhood- The developmental period that extends from the end of infancy
to about 5 or 6 years of age, sometimes called the preschool years.
middle and late childhood- The developmental period that extends from about 6
to 11 years of age, sometimes called the elementary school years.
Adolescence- The developmental period of transition from childhood to early
adulthood, entered at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ending at 18 or 19
years of age.
cohort effects- Effects due to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation but not
to actual age.
Millennials- The generation born after 1980, the first to come of age and enter
emerging adulthood in the new millennium.
nature-nurture issue- Debate about whether development is primarily influenced
by nature or nurture. The “nature” proponents claim biological inheritance is the
most important influence on development; the “nurture” proponents claim that
environmental experiences are the most influential factors.
continuity-discontinuity issue- Question about whether development involves
gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).
early-later experience issue- Controversy regarding the degree to which early
experiences (especially during infancy) or later experiences are the key
determinants of children’s development.
early-later experience issue- Controversy regarding the degree to which early
experiences (especially during infancy) or later experiences are the key
determinants of children’s development.
psychoanalytic theories- Theories that describe development as primarily
unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface
characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to
understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.
Erikson’s theory- Description of eight stages of human development. Each stage
consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis
that must be resolved.
Trust vs mistrust: lifelong expectation that the world will be good to live
Autonomy vs shame and doubt: after gaining trust from caregivers, discover
behavior is their own. Start to assert independence. Realize will. Infants are
restrained too much or punished too harshly, they will develop a sense of shame
and doubt.
Initiative vs guilt:encounter social world, face new challenges that require active,
purposeful, responsible behavior. Feelings of guilt may arise, if the child is
irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious.
Industry vs inferiority: children now need to direct their energy toward mastering
knowledge and intellectual skills. Negative outcomes are that the child may
develop a sense of inferiority.
Identity vs identity confusion: during adolescence they confront tasks of finding
out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. If they
Document Summary
Development- the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Culture- the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation. cross-cultural studies- comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures. Millennials- the generation born after 1980, the first to come of age and enter emerging adulthood in the new millennium. nature-nurture issue- debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Erikson"s theory- description of eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. Trust vs mistrust: lifelong expectation that the world will be good to live. Autonomy vs shame and doubt: after gaining trust from caregivers, discover behavior is their own.
