What do you think would be the most effective methods for reducing health care costs in the context of what you have learned about other health care systems? Choose at least three strategies. Why did you choose these strategies (incorporate your economic rationale)?

Do you think the U.S. health care system is as poor as the health outcomes indicate? Why do you think you have the perspective you do? (Cite your references)

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Darryn D'SouzaLv10

28 Sep 2019

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Case Study: Mental Health Parity

Presenting to the board, Chris spoke with passion. Our insurance plan should provide the same coverage for mental health services as for other medical services. It's the right thing to do, and it's good business. If our employees or their dependents have untreated mental health problems, the employees become less productive and waste money getting treated for other stuff. Thank you, Chris, said Kerry, the company's CEO. This is an important question for us, and the Benefits Committee will carefully consider it. After Chris left the room, Kerry turned to Jordan, the director of human resources, and said, Jordan, what's your take on this? There are actually two questions here, said Jordan. First, how elastic is the demand for ambulatory mental health services? How much will the use of mental health services increase if coverage improves? Second, how effective is mental health care? This second question is the more important one because good mental health care can have such powerful effects. Now, a number of studies have concluded that the use of mental health services is more price-sensitive than the use of other ambulatory care. Analyses of ambulatory mental health services have found elasticities ranging from 0.44 to 1.00. These results could be statistical flukes. Consumers who expect to use mental health services may choose insurance plans that offer generous coverage for those services. However, the RAND Corporation researchers Keeler, Manning, and Wells in 1988 used data from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment, which randomly assigned respondents to insurance plans, to resolve this issue. The RAND analysis generally confirmed that the demand for mental health services is more price-sensitive than the demand for general ambulatory medical services. Demand for each is inelastic, but the elasticity for mental health services is 0.8 and the elasticity for other outpatient services is 0.3. Most consumers will not use any mental health services, but plans that offer generous mental health benefits will cost more. We can't ignore this. I'm confused, said Addison, an internist on the board. In 2012 McConnell and colleagues published a study showing that Oregon's law requiring mental health parity in commercial insurance plans had little effect on spending. How could that be? Real-life appears to be contradicting the RAND study. I'm sure the plans for federal employees used managed care techniques to control spending, Jordan jumped in. And mental health spending isn't the issue. The issues are what happens to other healthcare spending and what happens to our workers. I'm pretty sure there's good evidence showing that effective mental health treatment can reduce other costs and improve productivity.

Discussion questions:

Why does it matter whether demand for mental health services is more elastic than demand for other services?

The price elasticity of demand for ambulatory mental health services appears to be about 0.8, and the price elasticity for general ambulatory medical services appears to be about 0.3. How much would spending increase for each type of care if copayments were cut from $40 to $25?

What managed care techniques do insurers use to control spending?

Is there evidence that better treatment of mental health problems reduces other spending?

Is there evidence that better treatment of mental health problems improves productivity?

What is your recommendation to the Benefits Committee?

cyanseal60

The subject is African Economy

Q. Choose three of the sections from Jerven chapter 1 -- Correlation is not causation (p.15), Garbage in, garbage out (p.16), Aid dependency (p. 33), Deficient public services (p. 35), Bad policies (p. 36) -- and for each section you choose, paraphrase the author's main argument in two to three sentences. What is the most important takeaway from each section? What evidence is given?

Q. Do some research online and present a basic summary of the economy of one of: Kenya, South Africa, Ghana, or Nigeria. Your summary should give a basic description of the overall economy (let's see what you remember as important from your Macroeconomics courses!) as well as a brief description and evaluation of your sources.

For those who might like a little guidance on the structure for task 2 above, perhaps do the following:

Identify five important economic facts about the country you have chosen. (Hint: GDP should be there, and some discussion of industries and labor would be good.)

Use at least three reliable sources. Give me the details on each source, and for each tell me why you think it is trustworthy. You need not worry about citation format (use MLA or APA if you want to do it "right" but I won't care as long as I can find it). When sources disagree, explain why you chose the information you chose. (For instance, if two sources give two different GDP values, why did you go with what you did?)

The subject is African Economy

For those who might like a little guidance on the structure for task above, perhaps do the following:

- Identify five important economic facts about the country you have chosen. (Hint: GDP should be there, and some discussion of industries and labor would be good.)

- Use at least three reliable sources. Give me the details on each source, and for each tell me why you think it is trustworthy. You need not worry about citation format (use MLA or APA if you want to do it "right" but I won't care as long as I can find it). When sources disagree, explain why you chose the information you chose. (For instance, if two sources give two different GDP values, why did you go with what you did?)

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