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(a) Assume I won 100 million dollars in a lottery that pays installments of 20 million dollars a year for five years or a lump sum of less than 100 million dollars. If I take the installments, my first installment would come the day I claimed my winnings at the state lottery office. If I take the lump sum, I would receive that payment the day I claimed my winnings at the state lottery office. Assume that the interest rate is 5% per year. Calculate what the lump sum should be so that it would exactly equal the stream of installments. You must show and explain your work to be given credit for this assignment.

(b) How would your answer change if the first installment in the question above did not come until one year after I claimed my winnings. You must show and explain your work to be given credit for this assignment.

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Raushan Raj
Raushan RajLv8
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions




1. which of the following would be counted as gross domestic

investment?


  • GM issues 1 million shares of stock



  • consolidated construction purchases 1,000 acres of land for a


regional shopping center it plans to build in a few years.


  • a walmart store adds 1,000 T-shirts to ti's


inverotry


  • A college buys computers for it's office staff



  • you and your significant other buy a house



  • you put money into a saving accountÂ









2. a car company currently has a capital stock of $100 million

and desires a capital stock of $110 million


a. if it experiences no depreciation how mch will it need to

invest to get to its desired level of capital stock

b. if its annual depreciation is 5% how much will it need to

invest to get to its desired level

c. if its annual depreciation is 10% how much will it need to

invest to get to its desired level









3. use the information below to compute the levels of gross and

net private domestic investment data are in billions of dollars

a. change in business inventories $59.3

b. residental cinstruction 369.6

c. producers durable equipment 691.3

d. nonresidential structures 246.9

e. depreciation 713.9



4. complete the table which shows investment in the united

states in billions of 2000 chained dollars


year 2005 gross domestic investment 1,873.5 depreciation 1,266.6 net private domestic investment ?

year 2006 gross domestic investnment ? depreciation 1,2161 net priavte domestic investment 696.4

year 2007 gross domestic investment 1,809.7 depreciation ? net priavate domestic investment 546.7










5. which of the following is part of M1 and M2

a. $0.27 that has accumulated under a couch cushion

b. your $2,000 line of credit with your visa account

c. $210 balance in your checking account

d. $417 in your savings account

e. 10 shares of the recently issued facebook stock that your

grandma gave you

f. $200 in travelers checks you purchased before your summer

trip to italy









6. suppose a banks balance sheet looks as follows:



assets


reservers

$2,700




property

$ 4,500


liabilities

deposits $7,200


and banks the reserve requirement is 20 percent

a. how much is excess reserves ratio 20 percent

b. how much can this bank lend






7. suppose a bank A with 25% reserve requirement has $50 million

in reserves and $200 million in checkable deposits one of the banks

depositors a major corporation writes a check to another

corporation for $5 million the check is deposited in another bank

(bank B)

a. explain how the withdrawl affects the banks reserves and

checkable deposits

b. by how much must bank A have to reduce lending?






8. assume the bank of america has access reserves of $30

milllion and outstanding transaction (checking) deposits of $180

million if the reserve ratio is 10% what is the size of the bank of

america total reserves?






9 banks fail when all depositors try to withdraw money at the

same time one way to prevent this problem would be to require bank

to hold 0 of deposits on hand

a. why would this not be desirable thing to do

b. what would happen to the banking system

c. explain how the law which requires banks to purchase fdic

insurance makes 100% reserve system unnecessary.



The opportunity cost of going to college is almost never discussed, yet it is quite high, so high that it is seriously impacting the broader American economy. For non-economists, “opportunity cost” is one of the most important concepts in economics. Because of scarcity we only have limited resources, and when we use those resources to do something like go to college, we cannot use them for other things that we also believe are desirable.

By far the most important resource we use in producing goods and services is labor or “human capital.” Based on what we pay owners of resources, we can say that roughly two-thirds of all production of goods and services is attributable to direct human effort – work. When kids go to college, they forego entering the labor force in a major, full-time manner. When six or seven percent of the entire American population is in college, that means a significant reduction in work effort occurs because otherwise highly productive persons in the physical prime of their lives are only lightly utilized in making things or providing services.

Today, only slightly over 59 of every 100 Americans of working age actually work, down from almost 66 in 2000. If we had the employment-population ratio of 15 years ago, we would have at least 16 million more working Americans today – an increase of over 10 percent. Our output would be probably the better part of a trillion dollars higher. The push for “college for all” is one reason we have less work effort today (to be sure, the modern welfare state has also lowered work incentives a lot for other reasons).

The college for all crowd says higher education augments one’s human capital, and we forego output today from working to bolster output tomorrow from more productive workers. And, no doubt, that is sometimes true. We have many productive engineers and accountants who gained important skills in college, for example. But is that necessarily true of all college graduates, particularly when Arum and Roksa tell us that graduating college seniors typically have only marginally better critical reasoning skills that freshman? And when over 40 percent of those entering four year colleges fail to graduate in six years? What if millions of those who do graduate take jobs similar to those without that college education? What if the debt incurred to pay for the college leads many to delay marrying, delay buying houses? There is evidence that to some extent the push for college has led to all of these unintended consequences.

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York has published great work showing that there is a very severe underemployment problem amongst college graduates, and other equally good research demonstrating what many of us have been saying for years: the student financial aid programs such as subsidized student loans, have pushed up the cost of college. Now a sister Federal Reserve Bank, namely Philadelphia, is jumping into the act.

The Philly Fed in a new study shows that high student loan debt is preventing young potential entrepreneurs from starting new businesses – they cannot afford the necessary debt. Opportunity cost again: if I borrow a lot to go to college, I cannot afford to borrow to start a business.

Enrollment in all forms of higher education today are up roughly 50 percent or seven million from what they were in 1990. What if enrollments had only risen proportionate to population growth – we would have three or four million fewer enrolled in college today. Would our nation be better or worse off? No one knows for sure, but the continued rise in the proportion of Americans with a college education has been accompanied by a sharp reduction in the rate of economic growth. I bet we would have fewer underemployed recent graduates. I bet we would have less than 17 percent delinquency rates on college loans, and far less than a trillion dollars in loan debt. I bet we would have a higher rate of labor force involvement and entrepreneurial activity among the young. And I bet we would be spending tens of billions less on higher education, and at least a little bit more on capital goods investment, highway construction, et cetera. In short, I suspect we would have been better off as a nation.

Richard Vedder directs the Center for College Affordability and Productivity, teaches at Ohio University, and is an Adjunct Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.

Question :

This is a short article discussing the concept of opportunity cost and college. Provide your views on this topic.Do you agree/disagree with the article? Why? What are your thoughts on the current employment landscape of college graduates? Provide any insight on this topic on a specific industry, your own experience, or the experiences of people that you know who have already graduated.

Short Answer/Problems—Answer all numbered questions @ 10 points each. Provide your answers in the space provided or the back of the page. Make sure to scan all work pages. Any quantitative questions require showing your work for full credit. Round all $ problems to the nearest cent. All other calculations must be to at least the fifth decimal place. 1. Answer BOTH parts a & b below. a) Explain the impacts of low level unanticipated inflation for a country like the United States. b) In the United States, our confidence in our fiat money is derived from (3 things) 2. Given the following 4 scenarios: • The contract interest rate was 6.5% and the expected inflation rate was 2.5%. • The contract interest rate was 12% and the expected inflation rate was 10%. • The contract interest rate was 7.5% and the expected inflation rate was 4%. • The contract interest rate was 4% and the expected inflation rate was 1%. a) Indicate which scenario would have been best for the lender and explain why it is best for the lender. b) With an ex post actual inflation rate of 2.25%, indicate which scenario would have been best for society and explain why it is best for society of the four options. 3. Define, compare, and contrast two of the following sets of terms as they. a. organized exchange markets vs. OTC (over the counter) markets b. fiat money vs. representative full-bodied money c. adverse selection vs. moral hazard 4. Indicate what would happen to both M1 and M2 (increase, decrease, no change) due to each of the following events. Consider each lettered event to be independent of the others. a) you write a check for cash at the casino b) an individual redeems a personal CD and deposits the funds into a savings deposit account c) U.S. commercial banks use some of their excess reserves to purchase $250 billion worth of U.S. Treasury securities from the Federal Reserve. d) as the economy improves, banks ease their credit standards and approve a higher percentage of loan applications. e) you spend $4,000 in U.S. currency while on your spring break trip to Acapulco (if you spent less than that you could not have had much fun) Part III: Longer Problems—Answer all numbered questions @ 15 points each. Provide your answers in the space provided or the back of the page. Make sure to scan all work pages. Any quantitative questions require showing your work for full credit. Round all $ problems to the nearest cent. All other calculations must be to at least the fifth decimal place. 5. The following is a historical list of median home prices in two states. Year State 1 ($) State 2 ($) GDP deflator (2009 base year) 1950 9,564 5,396 14.09 1960 15,100 9,800 17.56 1970 23,100 13,000 23.18 1980 84,500 43,900 46.05 1990 195,500 50,800 67.62 2000 211,500 74,400 82.59 2017 (estimate) 400,000 201,991 113.61 a. Convert each price into current year dollars. b. Determine how much a person would have had to pay in 1950 (for both states) to equal the 2017 real home value. c. For both states, determine the percentage increase in home values from 1950-2017 (one calculation for each). 6. Using the following information for a U.S. state: Nominal GDP Real GDP Population Year (millions) (millions 2009 $’s) 1,151,119 1,421,713 32,987,911 1998 1,879,520 1,975,457 36,020,878 2006 2,350,807 2,143,167 38,792,459 2014 a. What is the average annual growth rate for this state during the time periods listed? (Note: time periods of interest are 1998-2006 & 2006-2014) b. What is the average annual inflation rate for this state during the time periods listed? c. To what extent are living standards likely changing in this economy? Explain and support your claim using evidence from the above table. d. For 1 bonus point, indicate the U.S. state associated

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