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Based on the current health care crisis in this country, and lack of availability of affordable prescriptions drugs to all, it is ethical that people are getting their prescriptions filled with Canadian companies? Please list the url's to the sources that support your answer.

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Kritika Krishnakumar
Kritika KrishnakumarLv10
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

International Marketing

Sometimes, in developing countries, life may take precedent over ethics. The U.S., in an effort to reduce pollutants and support a healthy lifestyle for its people, banned many pesticides deemed harmful or polluting. Yet other nations have not banned these same pesticides. These pesticides are affordable and in many ways beneficial for poorer nations. When a nation does not have enough food to sustain its people, is it unfair to ask them to terminate the use of harmful pesticides and let people starve? As an international marketer for a pesticide company on the brink of bankruptcy, you are faced with ethical dilemmas. Your pesticides have recently been banned in the U.S., considered harmful to human health. Your company president tells you to market these banned products to other nations. You have read the reports, and you feel that these products may be lethal. Your president tells you that lesser-developed countries need these products and that it is not illegal to sell them there. Additionally, he informs you that without these sales, your employment with this company will be terminated, as the company will have to file bankruptcy.

Respond to the following:

Ć¢Ā€Ā¢Identify the ethical issues associated with this situation.

Ć¢Ā€Ā¢Describe the ethical behaviors that may be represented by your employer (who without immediate sales will likely need to file bankruptcy), the government of the lesser-developed country (who may experience famine in the years to come without your economical pesticide), and the people of the region (who may be injured or killed by your products).

Ć¢Ā€Ā¢Would you market these pesticides to lesser-developed countries? Support your decision with rationale and resources.

1. With regard to health care spending patterns, we can say that
Ā 
A. Everybody demands the same basic level of health care
B. Health care spending varies dramatically according to governments willingness to pay for such services
C. Men demand much more medical care than women
D. The elderly need much less health care than adults do
E. Only a few people (less than 5 percent) consume more than half of all health care expenditures
Ā 
2. Which of the following is the best example of a renewable resource?
Ā 
A. Crude petroleum
B. The ozone layer in the atmosphere
C. Library book
D. Minerals
E. Trees
Ā 
3. All of the following are reasons for health care expenditures in the U.S. Rising EXCEPT
A. The government (FDA) restricts entry of drugs to the U.S. Marketplace
B. The demand for health care has risen
C. The federal government has had such a small role in health care
D. The supply of physicians is restricted by the American medical association
E. Health insurance is regulated on a state by state basis so someone cannot buy a less expensive policy from an insurer in another state
Ā 
4. Free market economists argue that
Ā 
A. Markets will not adjust to a demand shock without government intervention
B. Markets will adjust to a demand shock without government intervention
C. Central planners are best equipped to handle external shocks and get the economy back on track
D. It would take the government too long to intervene and get the economy back on track
E. Government intervention is necessary to get the economy back on track
Ā 
5. True or false? The health care restrictions and regulations prevent the entry and exit of firms and prevent the effect of competition on prices.
Ā 
6. True or false? In a market system, those who own the most highly valued resources have the highest incomes.
Ā 
7. True or false? Since consumers do not have to choose whether to use their own money for health care or for something else, the role of price as an allocation mechanism does not work in health care.
Ā 
8. Health economics is important to study for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
Ā 
A. Spending on health care in the U.S. exceeds $2 trillion
B. The elderly are the smallest users of health care, and the young are the major users
C. Only 1% of the population account for almost 30% of total health care expenditures
D. Health care expenditures have risen from 5.9% of GDP in 1965 to over 16% of GDP today
E. None - all of these are true
Ā 
9. An illegal drug dealer will maximize profit by providing and selling the number of drugs where
Ā 
A. Private costs equal social costs
B. The greatest number of consumers can be derived
C. The price is maximized
D. Private property rights are best defined
E. Marginal revenue equals marginal cost

PROVIDE A RESPONSE OR STATEMENT TO THIS STUDENTS DISCUSSION:

1 - Please share your experience on selecting a managed care plan. Please discuss the advantages and disadvantages of your MCO plan.

Up until about ten years ago my company offered an HMO MCO plan option managed by Kaiser Permanente. This plan was less expensive in my paycheck deduction and offered $10 co-pays for every office visit and 100% hospitalization. In 1992 as a single young man in my twenties I found this option very attractive. I ended up getting married early that year, had a flu episode and a bout of food poisoning. My wife ended up with a hospitalization as well. What looked good on paper ended up being a very restricted healthcare experience. My office visits were restricted to only one clinic where the health care professional point of contact were physicians assistants under the supervision of an MD which we never saw. All of the prescriptions were for generic medicines and when my wife was hospitalized she was not allowed branded medicines either. We also thought she was discharged too early. The advantages of this type of plan are costs and simplicity. If we had not been sick that year we probably would have signed back up for it. The disadvantages were that our level of care was reduced to a less skilled health care professional and the attending physician who cared for my wife in the hospital discharged my wife early due to a time limit the HMO had placed on the length of stay for her illness code. That was the first and last year I chose an MCO plan for my health coverage.

2 - Many argue that there is no consistent, direct correlation between the cost of care and its quality in a managed care program. Do you agree or disagree?

In my personal experience managed care plans attempt to lower the primary care contact to non MD health care professionals such as Nurse Practioners and Physicians Assistants. While these clinicians are well trained and certainly have their appropriate place in medicine, they do not have the extensive medical training that MDs and DOs spend a minimum of 8 years mastering. These clinicians cost less than MDs and are very attractive way to reduce staffing costs. As a patient however I prefer the highest skilled level clinician caring for me and my family and am willing to pay more for this higher level of care. In my opinion Kaiser Permanente may have saved money but I was not happy with the level of care and medicines provided. They may have saved money that year but they lost me as a customer. Epstein et al, (2014) compared Accountable Care Organization (ACO) patients with non ACO patients and while they found that there were many differences in spending, age, and severity of illness, there was no difference in quality metrics despite non ACO members costing more overall. It would seem that in this example costs can be lowered without affecting quality outcomes. However ACO participants had access to significantly more participating clinicians and hospitals. What is missing from this study is a patient survey comparing the satisfaction of ACO and non-ACO patients.

3 - Do you think patients' choice of provider and access to care will be limited under ACOs?

In my personal experience and through observations of managed care offices and hospitals as a pharmaceutical representative, ACOs not only restrict the choice of provider and access to hospitals they utilize lesser trained medical professionals in Primary Care, Specialty and Hospitals in addition to restricting access to branded medications. This observation is in agreement with Epstein et al, (2014) in which ACO members cost less but had less access and choice of participating access points and clinicians.

4 - In what ways can an ACO succeed in both delivering high-quality care and spending health care dollars more wisely?

ACOs can be very useful in curbing costs. For those with limited health care budgets or those patients who receive public assistance an ACO model whether public or private. However Lewis et al, (2014) found that even though there was an almost even split between ACOs contracting for private and public contracts in the U.S.A., public contracts were less profitable than private ones due to public patients costing more to manage per capita than private ones. Quality was not examined. It would seem that an ACO would be ideal when faced with limited resources but ACOs may be reluctant to engage in contracts that are less profitable.

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