Japan, Brazil and Spain are all on the US Normal Trade Relation (NTR) list. suppose the us imports corn from Brazil and Japan with no tariff (import tax) and imposes a 50 percent a 50 percent tariff on spain corn. explain what and how the WTO would think about this and what action they might take.

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Elin HesselLv2

19 May 2018

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Suppose that corn currently costs $4.00 per bushel and that wheat currently costs $3.00 per bushel. Also assume that the price elasticity of corn is 0.15, while the price elasticity of wheat is 0.20. For the following questions about elasticities, simply use the percentage changes that are provided rather than attempting to calculate those percentage changes yourself using the midpoint formula.

Instructions: In parts a and b, round your answers to 2 decimal places. In part c, round your answers to 1 decimal place.

a. If the price of corn fell by 25 percent to $3.00 per bushel, by what percentage would the quantity demanded of corn increase? percentage?

What if the price of corn fell by 50 percent to $2.00 per bushel? Percentage?

b. To what value would the price of wheat have to fall to induce consumers to increase their purchases of wheat by 5 percent? $ per bushel.

c. If the government imposes a per-bushel tax on corn of $0.40 so that the price of corn rises by 10 percent to $4.40 per bushel, by what percentage would the quantity demanded of corn decrease? Percentage?

If the initial quantity demanded is 10 billion bushels per year, by how many bushels would the quantity demanded decrease in response to this tax? Million bushels.

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Suppose that corn currently costs $8.00 per bushel and that wheat currently costs $6.00 per bushel. Also assume that the price elasticity of corn is 0.1, while the price elasticity of wheat is 0.15. For the following questions about elasticities, simply use the percentage changes that are provided rather than attempting to calculate those percentage changes yourself using the midpoint formula.

a. If the price of corn fell by 25 percent to $6.00 per bushel, by what percentage would the quantity demanded of corn increase?

Instructions: Enter up to two decimal places.

%

What if the price of corn fell by 50 percent to $4 per bushel?

%

b. To what value would the price of wheat have to fall to induce consumers to increase their purchases of wheat by 5 percent?

Instructions: Enter up to two decimal places.

$ per bushel

c. If the government imposes a $0.80 per bushel tax on corn so that the price of corn rises by 10 percent to $8.80 per bushel, by what percentage would the quantity demanded of corn decrease?

Instructions: Enter up to one decimal place.

%

If the initial quantity demanded is 10 billion bushels per year, by how many bushels would the quantity demanded a decrease in response to this tax?

Instructions: Enter a whole number for your answer.

million bushels

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Mexico's automobile industry is booming. Bolstered by $19 billion in new investment from foreign carmakers, including Nissan, Honda, Volkswagen, and Mazda, vehicle production doubled between 2009 and 2014 to an estimated 3.2 million vehicles. This investment surge has transformed Mexico into the eighth-largest automaker in the world, and it's not over yet. In 2014 and 2015, Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai-Kia, BMW, and Volkswagen all outlined plans to build new state-of-the-art factories in Mexico. Audi is also constructing a $1.3 billion factory that is slated for producing luxury sport-utility vehicles. The Audi factory is scheduled to open in 2016. Taken together, these new factories represent another $20 billion in investment that will push Mexico past Brazil and South Korea to become the sixth-largest car producer in the world by 2020 with an annual output of 4.7 million vehicles (for comparison, the U.S. industry makes some 11.5 million autos a year). The initial stimulus for the dramatic growth of the Mexican auto industry was the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. Prior to NAFTA, Mexico's auto industry was small and protected from foreign competition by high tariff barriers. Car prices in Mexico were two to three times higher than in the United States. Not only were cars in Mexico more expensive, exporting or importing cars and parts was also very tough. Shipments got delayed at the border and were difficult to move around because of poor infrastructure, which is a major problem in an industry in which tight logistics is critical. NAFTA removed most tariff and nontariff barriers to trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. This initially led to a flood of low-priced auto imports into Mexico from the United States, but it also gave auto manufacturers based in Mexico duty-free access to the large U.S. market next door. With labor costs in Mexico just a fraction of those in the United States, auto manufacturers now had to consider Mexico when planning new plants to serve the North American market. Mexico's shift to free trade didn't stop with NAFTA. Mexico spent much of the 2000s hammering out free trade deals with over 40 other countries, including the 28 states of the European Union, Japan, and Brazil. These deals give auto factories based in Mexico duty-free access to markets that contain 60 percent of the world's economic output, and they have helped transform Mexico into the fourth-largest auto exporter in the world. Eighty percent of the cars now produced in Mexico are exported to other countries, two-thirds of them to the United States. This unprecedented network of regional trade agreements has given Mexico an important edge when it comes to attracting new investment. For example, when BMW ships cars to Europe from its 20-year-old plant in South Carolina, it is hit with a 10 percent import duty. For a $50,000 car, that amounts to $5,000, which is a much bigger factor than differences in labor costs. A factory in Mexico can supply both the U.S. and the EU markets with duty-free automobiles. This was a major factor behind BMWs 2014 decision to build a new factory in central Mexico rather than the United States, far outweighing the $500 a car labor cost advantage that Mexico currently enjoys over the United States. The new BMW factory will supply the U.S. and EU markets, as well as Latin America. Indeed, because of differences in trade barriers, a car exported from the United States to Brazil costs 55 percent more than one exported from Mexico. As Mexico's auto industry has grown, auto-part suppliers have also followed manufacturers to Mexico. The large auto parts supplier Delphi, for example, has 30 factories in Mexico and generates revenues of $3 billion in the country. Employment at Delphi's facilities doubled to 24,000 between 2007 and 2014. Infrastructure has also improved dramatically, and customs clearance at the border is now quick and efficient. All of this bodes well for the future of the Mexican auto industry. However, not everyone is happy with what has happened. Some argue that growth in Mexico has come at the expense of factories in the United States, which has had a negative impact on employment growth in the U.S. auto industry. When BMW decided to build a factory in central Mexico, for example, it meant that it would not be expanding its South Carolina plant. The South Carolina plant will continue to operate, and no plants have been closed as a result of the growth of production in Mexico, but it is true that new plants are increasingly being located south of the border. Sources: Joann Muller, America's Car Capital Will Soon Be... Mexico, Forbes, July 20, 2014; Dudley Althaus and William Boston, Trade Pacts Give Mexico an Edge,â The Wall Street Journal, March 18, 2015; Sonari Glinton, How NAFTA Drove the Auto Industry South, National Public Radio, December 8, 2013; Serena Maria Daniels, Twenty Years after NAFTA, a Mini Detroit Rises in Mexico,â Bridge, September 25, 2014. CASE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What was the initial impact of NAFTA on the U.S. and Mexican automobile markets? Who benefited most from this?

2. How did the impact of NAFTA start to change location decisions by automobile manufacturers over the years? How did this start to impact automobile production in Mexico and the United States?

3. Mexico has been very proactive in signing regional free trade deals in addition to NAFTA. How has this strategy impacted automobile consumers and producers in Mexico? How has it impacted automobile consumers and producers in the United States?

4. What lessons can United States policymakers draw from the growing success of the Mexican automobile industry that can be applied to future free trade deals, such as the deal currently being negotiated between the United States and the European Union?