PROBLEMS, GRAPGHING
1. Suppose a candidate who runs on a platform of âsoak the richâ wins the 2016 presidential election. After being elected, he or she persuades Congress to raise the top marginal tax rate on the federal personal income tax to 65%.
a. Use one graph to show the effect of this change in tax rates on the market for municipal bonds and another graph to show the effect on the market for U.S. Treasury bonds.
b. What happened to the interest rate spread between municipal bonds and U.S. Treasury bonds and why?
Suppose that, holding yield constant, investors are indifferent as to whether they hold bonds issued by the federal government or bonds issued by state or local governments (they consider the bonds the same with respect to default risk and liquidity). Suppose that state government issued console with $60 annual payments and that the federal government has also issued console with $60 annual payments.
a. If the federal and state consoles have both the same after-tax yields of 6%, what are their pretax yields? (Assume that the federal income tax rate is 36%)
2. Suppose it is 2020 and 1-year interest rate is 5 percent. You observe that the interest rate on 2-year bond is 4.5%. Assume there is no liquidity premium and the interest rates are determined according to expectation hypothesis of the yield curve
a. Based on the interest rates above, what is the expected 1-year interest rate, starting one year from today?
b. If the interest rate on 3-year bond is 4%., what is the expected 1-year interest rate starting 2 years from today?
c. If the interest rate on 4-year bond is 4%., what is the expected 1-year interest rate starting 3 years from today?
d. Draw the yield curve for the next four years.
e. Is the yield curve for the next four years upward sloping or downward sloping? Explain why
f. What might the yield curve today indicate about future interest rates?
g What might the yield curve today indicate about future economic activity? Explain why?
h. What might the yield curve indicate about the marketsâ prediction for inflation rate in the next four years?
i. What might the yield curve indicate about monetary policy today?
j. What might the yield curve indicate about a long-term bonds price? Expected return on long-term bonds? Explain
k. Given the slope of the yield curve today, would you rather be lender or borrower in the next five years? Why?
3. The following is from an article in the Wall Street Journal, describing events in the market for Treasury securities on the given day: âTreasury prices were mixed, with the shorter end of the yield curve falling and the longer- dated Treasury rising in pricesâ.
a. Draw Treasury yield curve, showing the situation on that day as described in the sentence above.
Explain why prices of Treasury were mixed with the shorter end of the yield curve rising in prices and the longer- dated Treasury falling in prices.
Given the latest data on the state of the U.S. economy, assume that the Fed signals the next increase in the target for the federal funds. The increase wonât happen until the Fedâs meeting in summer of 2016.
Will the Treasury yield curve become more or less steep today?
Which of the following would you expect in the market for Treasury? Explain your choice
- There will be an increase in demand for bond today?
There will be a decrease in supply of bonds today?
There will be a decrease in demand for bonds today?
There will be an increase in supply of bonds today?
What will happen to the yields on Treasury? Explain
4. The table below shows current and expected future one-year interest rates, as well as current interest rates on n-year bonds
Year One-year Bond Rate N-Year Bond Rate Liquidity premium
1 2% 2% _______
2 3% 3% _______
3 4% 5% _______
4 6% 6% _______
5 7% 8% _______
Assume the expectation theory of the term structure and calculate interest rates in the term structure for maturities of one to five years.
Draw the yield curve for the next four years.
Is the yield curve for the next four years upward sloping or downward sloping? Explain why
What might the yield curve today indicate about future interest rates?
What might the yield curve today indicate about future economic activity? Explain why?
What might the yield curve indicate about the marketsâ prediction for inflation rate in the next four years?
Calculate the liquidity premium for each n-year bond
What does the liquidity premium stay for?
Compare the liquidity premium in 2-year bond and 5-year bond. Why is the liquidity premium on 2-year bond lower than the liquidity premium on 5-year bond?
5. A Suppose that you are the manager of the Bank One. Assume required reserve ratio 10 percent. The bank has the following balance sheet:
Assets Liabilities
Reserves $ 65 million Deposits $ 400 million
Loans $ 425 million Bank capital $ 90 million
Is Bank One meeting the reserve requirement?
By how much can Bank One increase its loans?
Suppose Bank One suffers a deposit outflow of $40 million .Illustrate numerically the effect of the deposit outflow of $40 million on the bankâs deposits and reserves
Does the bank now hold excess reserves?
Is the bank meeting a required reserve ratio of 10 percent?
What action must you take to meet the reserve requirement? List three or more actions. work
If a borrower defaults on a loan of $10 million, will be the bank able to sustain the loss?
Why no, why yes?
If Bank One ROA is 7%, what is the bank profit? What is the bank ROE?
How can you increase the bankâs ROE, what trade âoff do you face?
6. Suppose that you are the manager of the Bank One that has $30 million of fixed assets, $20 million of variable interest rate assets, $15 million of fixed liabilities and $25 million of variable interest rate liabilities.
a. Is the rate sensitivity gap positive or negative? Explain
b. Explain verbally and show numerically what will happen to the bank profits if interest rates rise by 4 percent.
c. What action would you take to reduce the bankâs interest-rate risk? Explain
d. Explain and show numerically what happens to the bank profit if interest rates fall by 4 percent
e. What action would you take to reduce the bankâs interest-rate risk? Explain
f. Given the bank assets and liabilities explain how you can use the interest rate swaps to reduce the bank interest rate risk. Would you trade variable- rate payments for fixed- rate payment? Why yes, why not?
7. Assume the following information about the banking system
Quantities in billions of dollars
Currency (C) = $762
Excess Reserves ( R ) = $66
Required reserves (RR) = $0
Checking deposits (D ) = $604
Give the numerical answer to the following questions:
a. What is the size of the monetary base?
b. What is the money supply in the economy?
c. What is the size of the money multiplier?
Assume that the currency to deposit ratio rises to 1.5
a. Compute the effect of the change in currency ratio on the money multiplier, m
b. What will be the money supply now given the monetary base?
If the Fed wants to keep the money supply at the initial level in part b, how must the Fed respond? Explain
Would the Fed adjust the money multiplier, the monetary base or both to keep the money supply at the initial level?
How much would the Fed buy or sell in the government bonds to keep the money supply at the initial level?
8. Assume that the MB = $828, Money supply = $1366, Currency in the circulation = $ $762, Deposit = $$604, the currency to deposits ratio c is 1.262, the excess reserve ratio is 0.109, the required reserve ratio is 0, and the money multiplier m= 1.650. The non-bank public shifts $40B from currency to deposits, and the Fed wishes to keep the money supply at the level of $1366 B. Explain verbally and show numerically the effect of the currency shift on the following
a. The level of reserves in the banking system
b. The monetary base
c. The size of the money multiplier
d. How should the Fed respond given his goal of keeping the money supply at the level of $1366? Explain
e. How much in the government bonds should the Fed buy or sell to keep the money supply at the level of $1366?
9. Use the graph of the market for reserves to analyze each of the following situations. Be sure that your graph clearly shows changes in the equilibrium federal funds rate, changes in the equilibrium level of reserves, any shifts in the demand and supply curves, and any change in equilibrium federal funds rate
Suppose that the Fed decides to increase the federal funds rate from 2%to 2.25%. Show graphically and explain verbally what policy tools the Fed can use to bring the change in the federal funds rate.
Suppose that the Fed decides to decrease the federal funds rate from 2.25%to 2.%. Show graphically and explain verbally what policy tools the Fed can use to bring the change in the federal funds rate.
Suppose that banks increase their demand for reserve. Show graphically and explain verbally how the Fed can offset this change in order to keep the equilibrium federal funds rate unchanged
Suppose there is a switch from currency into deposits, everything else held constant. Show graphically and explain verbally how the Fed can offset this change in order to keep the equilibrium federal funds rate unchanged
Suppose that the Fed decides to decrease the required reserve ratio. Show graphically and explain verbally how the Fed can offset this change in order to keep the equilibrium federal funds rate unchanged.
f. Suppose that banks decrease their demand for reserves. Show graphically and explain
verbally how the Fed can offset this change in order to keep the equilibrium federal funds
rate unchanged.
PROBLEMS, GRAPGHING
1. Suppose a candidate who runs on a platform of âsoak the richâ wins the 2016 presidential election. After being elected, he or she persuades Congress to raise the top marginal tax rate on the federal personal income tax to 65%.
a. Use one graph to show the effect of this change in tax rates on the market for municipal bonds and another graph to show the effect on the market for U.S. Treasury bonds.
b. What happened to the interest rate spread between municipal bonds and U.S. Treasury bonds and why?
Suppose that, holding yield constant, investors are indifferent as to whether they hold bonds issued by the federal government or bonds issued by state or local governments (they consider the bonds the same with respect to default risk and liquidity). Suppose that state government issued console with $60 annual payments and that the federal government has also issued console with $60 annual payments.
a. If the federal and state consoles have both the same after-tax yields of 6%, what are their pretax yields? (Assume that the federal income tax rate is 36%)
2. Suppose it is 2020 and 1-year interest rate is 5 percent. You observe that the interest rate on 2-year bond is 4.5%. Assume there is no liquidity premium and the interest rates are determined according to expectation hypothesis of the yield curve
a. Based on the interest rates above, what is the expected 1-year interest rate, starting one year from today?
b. If the interest rate on 3-year bond is 4%., what is the expected 1-year interest rate starting 2 years from today?
c. If the interest rate on 4-year bond is 4%., what is the expected 1-year interest rate starting 3 years from today?
d. Draw the yield curve for the next four years.
e. Is the yield curve for the next four years upward sloping or downward sloping? Explain why
f. What might the yield curve today indicate about future interest rates?
g What might the yield curve today indicate about future economic activity? Explain why?
h. What might the yield curve indicate about the marketsâ prediction for inflation rate in the next four years?
i. What might the yield curve indicate about monetary policy today?
j. What might the yield curve indicate about a long-term bonds price? Expected return on long-term bonds? Explain
k. Given the slope of the yield curve today, would you rather be lender or borrower in the next five years? Why?
3. The following is from an article in the Wall Street Journal, describing events in the market for Treasury securities on the given day: âTreasury prices were mixed, with the shorter end of the yield curve falling and the longer- dated Treasury rising in pricesâ.
a. Draw Treasury yield curve, showing the situation on that day as described in the sentence above.
Explain why prices of Treasury were mixed with the shorter end of the yield curve rising in prices and the longer- dated Treasury falling in prices.
Given the latest data on the state of the U.S. economy, assume that the Fed signals the next increase in the target for the federal funds. The increase wonât happen until the Fedâs meeting in summer of 2016.
Will the Treasury yield curve become more or less steep today?
Which of the following would you expect in the market for Treasury? Explain your choice
- There will be an increase in demand for bond today?
There will be a decrease in supply of bonds today?
There will be a decrease in demand for bonds today?
There will be an increase in supply of bonds today?
What will happen to the yields on Treasury? Explain
4. The table below shows current and expected future one-year interest rates, as well as current interest rates on n-year bonds
Year One-year Bond Rate N-Year Bond Rate Liquidity premium
1 2% 2% _______
2 3% 3% _______
3 4% 5% _______
4 6% 6% _______
5 7% 8% _______
Assume the expectation theory of the term structure and calculate interest rates in the term structure for maturities of one to five years.
Draw the yield curve for the next four years.
Is the yield curve for the next four years upward sloping or downward sloping? Explain why
What might the yield curve today indicate about future interest rates?
What might the yield curve today indicate about future economic activity? Explain why?
What might the yield curve indicate about the marketsâ prediction for inflation rate in the next four years?
Calculate the liquidity premium for each n-year bond
What does the liquidity premium stay for?
Compare the liquidity premium in 2-year bond and 5-year bond. Why is the liquidity premium on 2-year bond lower than the liquidity premium on 5-year bond?
5. A Suppose that you are the manager of the Bank One. Assume required reserve ratio 10 percent. The bank has the following balance sheet:
Assets Liabilities
Reserves $ 65 million Deposits $ 400 million
Loans $ 425 million Bank capital $ 90 million
Is Bank One meeting the reserve requirement?
By how much can Bank One increase its loans?
Suppose Bank One suffers a deposit outflow of $40 million .Illustrate numerically the effect of the deposit outflow of $40 million on the bankâs deposits and reserves
Does the bank now hold excess reserves?
Is the bank meeting a required reserve ratio of 10 percent?
What action must you take to meet the reserve requirement? List three or more actions. work
If a borrower defaults on a loan of $10 million, will be the bank able to sustain the loss?
Why no, why yes?
If Bank One ROA is 7%, what is the bank profit? What is the bank ROE?
How can you increase the bankâs ROE, what trade âoff do you face?
6. Suppose that you are the manager of the Bank One that has $30 million of fixed assets, $20 million of variable interest rate assets, $15 million of fixed liabilities and $25 million of variable interest rate liabilities.
a. Is the rate sensitivity gap positive or negative? Explain
b. Explain verbally and show numerically what will happen to the bank profits if interest rates rise by 4 percent.
c. What action would you take to reduce the bankâs interest-rate risk? Explain
d. Explain and show numerically what happens to the bank profit if interest rates fall by 4 percent
e. What action would you take to reduce the bankâs interest-rate risk? Explain
f. Given the bank assets and liabilities explain how you can use the interest rate swaps to reduce the bank interest rate risk. Would you trade variable- rate payments for fixed- rate payment? Why yes, why not?
7. Assume the following information about the banking system
Quantities in billions of dollars
Currency (C) = $762
Excess Reserves ( R ) = $66
Required reserves (RR) = $0
Checking deposits (D ) = $604
Give the numerical answer to the following questions:
a. What is the size of the monetary base?
b. What is the money supply in the economy?
c. What is the size of the money multiplier?
Assume that the currency to deposit ratio rises to 1.5
a. Compute the effect of the change in currency ratio on the money multiplier, m
b. What will be the money supply now given the monetary base?
If the Fed wants to keep the money supply at the initial level in part b, how must the Fed respond? Explain
Would the Fed adjust the money multiplier, the monetary base or both to keep the money supply at the initial level?
How much would the Fed buy or sell in the government bonds to keep the money supply at the initial level?
8. Assume that the MB = $828, Money supply = $1366, Currency in the circulation = $ $762, Deposit = $$604, the currency to deposits ratio c is 1.262, the excess reserve ratio is 0.109, the required reserve ratio is 0, and the money multiplier m= 1.650. The non-bank public shifts $40B from currency to deposits, and the Fed wishes to keep the money supply at the level of $1366 B. Explain verbally and show numerically the effect of the currency shift on the following
a. The level of reserves in the banking system
b. The monetary base
c. The size of the money multiplier
d. How should the Fed respond given his goal of keeping the money supply at the level of $1366? Explain
e. How much in the government bonds should the Fed buy or sell to keep the money supply at the level of $1366?
9. Use the graph of the market for reserves to analyze each of the following situations. Be sure that your graph clearly shows changes in the equilibrium federal funds rate, changes in the equilibrium level of reserves, any shifts in the demand and supply curves, and any change in equilibrium federal funds rate
Suppose that the Fed decides to increase the federal funds rate from 2%to 2.25%. Show graphically and explain verbally what policy tools the Fed can use to bring the change in the federal funds rate.
Suppose that the Fed decides to decrease the federal funds rate from 2.25%to 2.%. Show graphically and explain verbally what policy tools the Fed can use to bring the change in the federal funds rate.
Suppose that banks increase their demand for reserve. Show graphically and explain verbally how the Fed can offset this change in order to keep the equilibrium federal funds rate unchanged
Suppose there is a switch from currency into deposits, everything else held constant. Show graphically and explain verbally how the Fed can offset this change in order to keep the equilibrium federal funds rate unchanged
Suppose that the Fed decides to decrease the required reserve ratio. Show graphically and explain verbally how the Fed can offset this change in order to keep the equilibrium federal funds rate unchanged.
f. Suppose that banks decrease their demand for reserves. Show graphically and explain
verbally how the Fed can offset this change in order to keep the equilibrium federal funds
rate unchanged.
Related questions
| Schumann Shoe Manufacturer is considering whether or not to refund a $70 million, 10% coupon, 30-year bond issue that was sold 8 years ago. It is amortizing $4.5 million of flotation costs on the 10% bonds over the issue's 30-year life. Schumann's investment bankers have indicated that the company could sell a new 22-year issue at an interest rate of 8 percent in today's market. Neither they nor Schumann's management anticipate that interest rates will fall below 6 percent any time soon, but there is a chance that interest rates will increase. | |||||||
| A call premium of 10 percent would be required to retire the old bonds, and flotation costs on the new issue would amount to $5 million. Schumann's marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 40 percent. The new bonds would be issued 1 month before the old bonds are called, with the proceeds being invested in short-term government securities returning 5 percent annually during the interim period. | |||||||
| Current bond issue data | |||||||
| Par value | $ 70,000,000 | ||||||
| Coupon rate | 10% | ||||||
| Original maturity | 30 | ||||||
| Remaining maturity | 22 | ||||||
| Original flotation costs | $ 4,500,000 | ||||||
| Call premium | 10% | ||||||
| Tax rate | 40% | ||||||
| Refunding data | |||||||
| Coupon rate | 8.0000% | ||||||
| Maturity | 22 | ||||||
| Flotation costs | $ 5,000,000 | ||||||
| Time between issuing new bonds and calling old bonds (months) | 1 | ||||||
| Rate earned on proceeds of new bonds before calling old bonds (annual) | 5% | ||||||
| a. Perform a complete bond refunding analysis. What is the bond refunding's NPV? | |||||||
| Initial investment outlay to refund old issue: | |||||||
| Call premium on old issue = | |||||||
| After-tax call premium = | |||||||
| New flotation cost = | |||||||
| Old flotation costs already expensed = | |||||||
| Remaining flotation costs to expense = | |||||||
| Tax savings from old flotation costs = | You get to expense the remaining flotation costs | ||||||
| Additional interest on old issue after tax = | This is interest paid on the old bond issue between when the new bonds are issued and the old bonds are retired | ||||||
| Interest earned on investment in T-bonds after tax = | This is interest earned on the proceeds from the new bonds before they are used to pay off the old bonds. | ||||||
| Total investment outlay = | |||||||
| Annual Flotation Cost Tax Effects: | |||||||
| Annual tax savings on new flotation = | |||||||
| Tax savings lost on old flotation = | |||||||
| Total amortization tax effects = | |||||||
| Annual interest savings due to refunding: | |||||||
| Annual after tax interest on old bond = | |||||||
| Annual after tax interest on new bond = | |||||||
| Net after tax interest savings = | |||||||
| Annual cash flows = | |||||||
| After-tax cost of new debt = | |||||||
| NPV of refunding decision = | |||||||
| b. At what interest rate on the new debt is the NPV of the refunding no longer positive? | |||||||
| Use Goal Seek to set cell D60 to zero by changing cell C27. | |||||||
| "Break-even" interest rate = | |||||||
