CRMJ 201 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Gary Becker, Siege Mentality, Michael R. Gottfredson

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30 Jan 2014

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If we want to reduce crime we first must understand why they are even happening in the first place: neoclassical explanations assume that people act with free will. If the fault of the crime lies within the individual, then to reduce crime we must change the individual. If the roots of crime lie more in criminogenic features of the social environment then new criminals will always be emerging and the crime problem will continue unless we address these features. People in ancient time had different explanations of crime: god was testing their faith, god was punishing them, god wad using their behavior to warn other to follow divine rules, they were possessed by demons. Jeremy bentham and cesare becaria had the same views. He believed that people act rationally and with free will. They make choices that will bring them pleasure/benefits. The more certain, proportionate and swift the punishment the easier it is to control criminal behavior.

Related Questions

hen finding solutions to this problem. Assessment Directions: For this exercise, choose 10 statements from those given below and write a brief responseâtwo to three sentencesâstating your position and explaining at least two reasons why you hold it. 1. Violence is better than reason in dealing with dangerous situations. 2. Only the good die young. 3. Itâs human nature to be greedy. 4. Capital punishment is a deterrent to crime. 5. If people are unemployed, they must be lazy. Thereâs a job for everyone who really wants to work. 6. Everyone has a value system of some kind. 7. We know ourselves better than others know us. 8. An unborn fetus is a human being. 9. If guns are outlawed, only outlaws will have guns. 10. Truth is an intensely personal matter: What is true for me is not necessarily true for you. 11. Winning isnât everythingâitâs the only thing. 12. Challenging anotherâs opinion is a sign of intolerance. 13. Atheists are generally moral people. 14. Censorship is evil. 15. Black people are better athletes than white people. 16. The oil companies manipulate gasoline prices. 17. Getting your feet wet can cause a cold. 18. Homosexuals are as likely to control their sexual urges as are heterosexuals. Please format your responses like this: 1. Original statement 2. My position on that statement 3. Two reasons why I hold this position EN3220: Module 3 Stating and Justifying a Position Exercise 3.1 Stating an Opinion on a Position 2 Submission Requirements: ï· Submit your responses for grading in a Microsoft Word document. ï· Adhere to Standard English grammar, spelling, and punctuation requirements. ï· Use 12-point Arial font and double-space

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based on your additional research, should police departments employ predictive policing to reduce crime with limited resources? Be sure to carefully defend your response with reasons and consider an objection (which you respond to) before you conclude the argument.

My response: I agree that being a part of the white society is like the concept of invisible privilege that has a familiar simile in that it is analogous to an invisible weightless knapsack. This metaphor emphasizes that white privilege, even though it may not be immediately obvious, has considerable advantages and opportunities that may include a lot of benefits and freedom to life. White people benefit from the structures and institutions in which they live. In the same culture, they were trained to be oblivious to their benefits. The undeserved advantages that were created by white people made people of color feel as if they were being oppressed. It is a norm and dominating racial power to be white in this society. For instance, if a white person comes into a new neighborhood, they are fairly certain that the bulk of their neighbors are the same color as them. A person has no idea of the advantages they have until they put themselves in the shoes of other people of color. Peggy McIntosh said that white advantages don't originate from a fault in a single human or from a single individual using them. It is via an inherent fault in the system that white privilege is created. If we wish to effect systemic change, it must occur inside the system. Systems have a major impact on individual behavior in the social world. We may all do our part to hasten the end. McIntosh maintains that white people may see racism in a different way when something gives them an advantage over others, not because it benefits white people. Systemic oppressions have interactive and internalized characteristics. Teaching racism as an act rather than an overall system that advantages the dominant group makes it difficult for white people to see themselves as racists. Embedded systems can't be eliminated, the recognition of them is important. Change won't come from just being dissatisfied with the system. McIntosh's example offers many benefits for comprehending white privilege. There are many advantages to understanding white privilege as the McIntosh example demonstrates. While it is true that 'whiteness' is simply about skin color, the various definitions of race reveal that it is really much more than that. The fact that McIntosh refers to white advantage rather than non-white disadvantage when framing the discussion of race reinforces the overall idea that race should be seen in terms of advantage rather than disadvantage.

include

1. Introduction

-State thesis and summarize argument

-Define any key terms

2. Main Body

-Argument 1, Argument 2, Argument 3

3. Objection

-Response to objection

4. Conclusion

-Restate thesis/summarize your main arguments

OC4131475

QUESTION 26

Age 65 has come to be considered the onset of old age in the U.S. because:

	a.	This is when most older adults find their abilities diminishing
	b.	At age 65, physical appearance makes it evident that a person is old
	c.	This is the age identified in Social Security and Medicare at the time these were enacted
	d.	This is the age at which life expectancy diminishes most rapidly

1 points

QUESTION 27

The concept of "dependency ratios" has been criticized because:

		Individual differences in needs as well as differences in aging and activity choices make it difficult to ascertain which generation depends on which other generations.
		Very few older adults ever rely on younger individuals for support and assistance
		The most dependent generation may well be young adults
		It is common knowledge that older adults are dependent on younger individuals

1 points

QUESTION 28

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the purpose of theory in understanding aging?

	a.	Theories attempt to explai what we observe in empirical research or practice
	b.	A goal is to consolidate practice around a simple set of principles
	c.	Theories resolve disputes about the nature of reality and definitions of aging
	d.	The most important purpose is to reduce apparently complex phenomena to a few basic factors

1 points

QUESTION 29

Explanations that focus on the situations and problems that accumulate during the life span and cannot be understood separate from developmental experiences are considered to reflect:

	a.	The aged
	b.	Aging
	c.	Age
	d.	The meaning of life

1 points

QUESTION 30

Early theories of aging, described later life as a:

	a.	Problem
	b.	normal, welcomed stage of life
	c.	rare and unique process
	d.	Too idiosyncratic for generalized description

1 points

QUESTION 31

Theories that explain aging as resulting from the accumulation of "insults" from the environment, which eventually reach a level incompatible with life are labeled:

	a.	Sociocultural theories
	b.	Selective optimization with compensation
	c.	Model of Human Occupation
	d.	Stochastic theories

1 points

QUESTION 32

Psychological theories of aging seek to explain

	a.	Reasons for the emergence of mental disorders in late life
	b.	Why older individuals are likely to be pessimistic
	c.	Relationships among older and younger individuals
	d.	The multiple changes in individual behavior in late life

1 points

QUESTION 33

It is now believed that neurological theories of aging that focus on decline in neurological functioning may be:

	a.	Too optimistic
	b.	Lacking in clarity
	c.	Too pessimistic
	d.	Too limited

1 points

QUESTION 34

In the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, "optimization" refers to the idea that:

	a.	People engage in behaviors that augment or enrich their general reserves and maximize their chosen life courses
	b.	People make efforts in middle age to accumulate needed resources to ensure successful aging
	c.	Changing biological and psychological factors that enhance the abilities of older adults in memory and problem solving
	d.	Political initiatives that reduce stigma associated with later life

1 points

QUESTION 35

Mrs. Adams, an 87 year-old widow, has begun to distance herself from some of her extended family members. At the same time, she spends increasing time with her adult children, grandchildren, and some of her close neighbors. This would be an example of:

	a.	The Model of Human Occupation
	b.	Evolutionary Theory
	c.	Cognition and Aging theories
	d.	Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

1 points

QUESTION 36

A theory of particular relevance to occupational and physical therapy is:

	a.	Theory of Free Radicals
	b.	Systems theory of motor control
	c.	Stochastic theories
	d.

1 points

QUESTION 37

Theory is important to therapeutic decisions as a way to:

	a.	Reduce the therapist's need to address individual differences
	b.	Guide decisions about evaluation and intervention
	c.	Minimize the idea of complexity in understanding older adults
	d.	Clearly identify the specific evaluation instruments to be used

CRMJ 201 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Gary Becker, Siege Mentality, Michael R. Gottfredson

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