PHL145H5 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Soundness
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Notion is assumed by is a tricky one. e. g. queen of england is 87, if queen of england is 87, there is a queen of england ____ there is a queen of england (cid:224) the conclusion is assumed by premise (although premise and conclusion not identicle therefore circular) e. g. dogs bark and sheep scream ___ sheep scream (cid:224) (conclusion assumed by premise therefore circular) What measures to stop the regress: assuring : forestalling challenges by indicating that there are good reasons for the claim (doctors agree; it is commonly accepted that; obviously, etc, guarding: weakening claim or force with which its put forward ( change all to most or some; replace a flat assertion that p with its likely that p or i suspect that p, discounting: mention a possible criticism of the claim to reject it or diminish its relative importance (although p, nevertheless q; even if p, still q; p, but q, these measures easily and frequently abused.
