BIOL 2200 Lecture Notes - Geologic Time Scale, Biogeography, Speciation

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turquoisedog215

11 Mar 2014

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Larger islands should have a smaller extinction rate than a smaller island. There were more species on the islands closer to the mainland than those farther away. Continents: more species fill up ecological niches and therefore extinction rate increases, with more species there is less room for a new species to come in and start a life. Regional diversity is being driven by speciation. When species exchange, they sometimes end up with a new predator and can drive to species extinction. Phylogenetic inertia the influence of an ancestor on its descendants: kangaroos are good grazing animals. They are able to get away when need be: the organism on the right side of slide 13 is related to dolphins and whales. They have an additional hind fin that was lost down the line and so modern dolphins and whales do not have them. The histories of the species living in a region.

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This is all the info that the teacher gave us, so just saying it is ambigous is not helpful... instead, especially since college students are spending money on this sight for help so we can learn, why don't you try to help solve the question or if you do not know the answer and can not figure it out, leave your comment blank. Thank you.

Original Question:

Some 40,000,000 years from now the volcanic Erebor Archipelago will form west of the Australian subcontinent (the nearest major landmass). After reading Section 20.4 in your text, contemplate the following geographical data, and answer the questions below:

Island Distance from Australia (km) Size (km²)

North Panem 3502 1544

South Panem 3523 95

Snow 955 1540

Mellark 950 99

Everdeen 789 444

Haymitch 1828 699

A. Based on the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson), predict the following and explain your choice (6 points):

Island(s) with highest colonization rates:

Island(s) with lowest colonization rates:

Island(s) with highest extinction rates:

Island(s) with lowest extinction rates:

Island(s) with highest equilibrium species richness:

Island(s) with lowest equilibrium species richness:

B. This model does not always predict the number of species on an island. Examples of one factor influencing the number of species on an island that is not incorporated in this model include finches in the GalÃ¡pagos Islands and honeycreepers and Drosophila in the Hawaiian Islands. What factor is this? (10 points)

fuchsiamule181

Are my answers to the following correct?

True, False, True, C and A,B,D

1. Species accumuation are used to estimate local, or alpha,diversity.

2. The shape of a species accumulation curve depends, in part,on the order in which sampes are processed.

3. Species accumulation curves are not needed when a completecensus is available.

4. Which of the following statements about beta deiversity isFALSE?

a. Beta diversity measures how quickly species compositionchanges across the landscape

b. There are a variety of different ways researchers havemeasured beta diversity

c. Relatively flat, homogeneous habitats tend to have higherbeta diversity

d. Beta diversity changes depending on the scale at which youmeasure it

5. Paul Ehrlich and E.O. Wilson offered a number of reasons toprotect biodiversity. What were they?

a. Earth cannot "survive" antoher mass extinction event

b. People have an aesthetic and moral obligation to protectEarth's species

c. Earth's biodiversity may provide us with important newresources in the future

d. Loss of biodiversity may reduce ecosystem services that wouldbe difficult to replace

False, False, True, True, Sahara dessert, Secular migration andSweetstakes route

6. Immigration rates decline as the size of an islandincrease.

7. Extinction rates decline as the number of species on anisland increases.

8. Extinction rates increase as the size of an islanddecreases.

9. All else being equal, turnover rates are higher on smallislands than on large ones.

10. When we think of islands, we often think of them as landmasses surrounded by water. Ecologists have suggested a muchbroader definition of an island. Which of the following would NOTbe viewed as an island by an ecologist?

a. Mountain top habitats

b. Urban parks

c. Caves

d. Sahara desert

11. Horses originated in North America and then migrates to Asiaand Europe. As they migrates, they evolved over many generationsinto the horse species we see today. This is an example of whichmigration type?

a. Diffusion

b. Jump dispersal

c. Secular migration

12. Horses went extinct in North American and did not returnuntil they were ferried in boats by European settlers (no landmammal can swim on its own across an ocean). From a horse'sperspective, the ocean barrier is best described as...?

a. Corridor

b. Filter

c. Sweepstakes route

greenjackal65

Experimental Review

Below are five hypothetical experimental designs. Your job as a reviewer is to pick one of the experiments and write a detailed summary of what is wrong with the proposed study.

Your review should use vocabulary words that have been discussed in class and address the following questions.

Is the study feasible? Will it actually be possible to conduct the proposed study in a controlled manner that produces meaningful data? If there is more than one variable changing simultaneously, no controls, or no replication, then the study is unlikely to produce meaningful data. If there is no way to monitor an experiment in the environment, or no way to conduct the experiment in a controlled environment, like a laboratory, then the experiment is unlikely feasible.

Can you tell from the text if the experiment is designed to be conducted by performing treatments, or by analyzing observational data about a species and its habitat?

Is there a testable hypothesis? Is the study set up so that it will be possible to measure the effects in a quantifiable way? What will be measured? Is there a control group and a treatment group? Or, an independent variable like temperature, and a dependent variable like germination time?

Could you graph the results of this experiment? If so, how would you do it? A column chart to show treatments and controls? A scatter plot or a line graph to look at how changes in the independent variable affect the dependent variable?

Create a post on the discussion board by clicking on "Click to Launch" above.

1. Experiments to Review

1. Climate Change Effects on Marine Iguana Mortality

Hypothesis: If the water temperature in the Galapagos Islands changed from being hot (around 77 degrees) to cold (under 70 degrees), then the mortality rate of Marine Iguanas will increase.

Variables: The independent variable is the temperature of the water that the Marine Iguanas live in. The dependent variable is the mortality rate of the Marine Iguanas. The mortality rate of the Marine Iguanas at the average water temperatures of their habitat.

Experimental Treatments: Iguana Group 1 will be water temperatures and marine iguana mortality rates before 1998. Iguana Group 2 will be water temperatures marine iguana mortality rates after 1998

Prediction:By comparting the average water temperatures with the mortality rates every year before the sudden drop in the iguana population and after a trend will be able to be seen. If the water temperature is truly to blame for the mortality rate increase the water temperature will decrease as the population of Iguanas decreases. The control group is intended to show the average number of Iguanas that die due to other causes.

2. Volcanic Ash Impacts Marine Iguana Longevity

Hypothesis: There are several volcanoes between both the Isabela, and Femandina islands which make this the obvious culprit for the extreme rise in mortality in Marine Iguanas.

Variables: The independent variable is the number of volcanic eruptions per year. The dependent variables are the change in pH of the water in the marine iguanasâ habitat, and the mortality rate of the iguanas.

Experimental Treatments: Iguana Group 1 will live on an island with multiple volcanic eruptions each year. Iguana Group 2 will live on an island with no volcanic eruptions.

Prediction: The group of iguanas living on the island with no eruptions will have longer life spans because the pH of the water will not be altered by the large number of volcanic eruptions.

roseclam804

BIOL 2200 Lecture Notes - Geologic Time Scale, Biogeography, Speciation

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