BIOL1003 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Dna Ligase, Belgian Blue, Noncoding Dna

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DNA

Proteins and nucleic acids in cells

Viruses (bacteriophage)

oNo nucleus

oNo membrane

oNo “cell”

oProtein capsule

oNucleic acid inside

oMost simple form that contains genetic information

oGreatest variability in the types and ways genetic information is used

Bacteria

oCell surroudned by membrane and capsule

oNo nucleus- nucleic acids freely in cell

oProteins in membranes and capsule

Eukaryotes

oCell surrounded by membrane

oNucleus surrounded by membrane

oNucleic acid and protein in nucleus

oProteins in membrane

oProteins in organelles

oHas internal environments

oDNA is confined to the nucleus and is surrounded by three membranes

Griffith’s experiment

Griffith was looking for a vaccine for pneumonia by studying mice infected with two

strains of the causative bacterium:

oS strain- virulent (lethal)

oR strain- non-virulent (not lethal)

Griffith proposed that cells contained a non-living ‘transforming principle’ that could

transform one cell into another

Dead matter without a

living spirit can change the

heritable nature of a living

organism (don’t need life

to maintain genetic information)

Genetic traits are encoded

in molecules- questioned

whether it was proteins or

nucleic acids

Tried to link heritability to a

molecule from a chemical

perspective

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty’s experiment

Aimed to identify transforming principle

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Grew large batches of S-strain bacteria and tested which of different cellular

components was the transforming principle

Treated cell extracts with:

oProteinase- transformation still occurs (breaks down proteins)

oNuclease- no transformation (breaks down nucleus)

Implies that DNA is the transforming principle

No-one believed them

Hershey-Chase experiment

Add 35S: radioactive proteins

oRadioactive phage heads

oNo radioactivity in phage progeny

Add 32P: radioactive DNA

oNo radioactivity in phage heads

oRadioactive phage progeny

Summary

Griffith 1928: genetic traits are molecules

oPneumococcus and mouse system

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty 1944: the molecule is DNA

oPneumococcus and mouse system

Hershey and Chase 1952: the molecule is DNA

oBacteriophage and Escherichia coli system

Linking DNA to proteins

1950: Chargaff’s rules:

oComposition of DNA varies from one species to another

oBut in every species A matches with T and G matches with C

Early 1950s: Franklin and Wilkins:

oX-ray crystallogram of DNA suggests a helical structure (they didn’t actually

think so)

oOnly believed the molecule was DNA in 1952

1953: Watson and Crick:

oStructure of DNA

Watson and Crick

Used X-ray images from Rosalind Franklin (Maurice Wilkins and

Raymond Gosling)

Knowledge of chemical composition of DNA

Built models

Had no real evidence for their structure

Nucleoside monophosphate building blocks

Schematic outline of the molecular structure of DNA

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The sugar phosphate backbone is the same along the

length of the molecule

Nucleotide monophosphates are joined by

phosphodiester bonds

DNA is a double stranded helix

DNA becomes more stable by making the two strands

anti-parallel

One has the phosphate facing up and sugar facing

down, and the next has it the other way round

Each has a base and a sugar-phosphate backbone

(sugar attached to base then phosphate on end)

Number of carbons of the sugar represents open ends

where further joining and polymerisation is possible

Strong covalent bonds between phosphates

Weak secondary bonds between bases

The two DNA strands are antiparallel

One end of each strand has a free 5’ phosphate group

The other end has a free 3’ hydroxyl group

The two strands are linked by hydrogen bonds between bases

Base pairs are linked by hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds:

oAre weak bonds

oAre important in structures of biological molecules

oOccur between an electronegative atom (often oxygen or

nitrogen) and a hydrogen atom

G and C can form 3 bonds

A and T can form 2 bonds

Complementary base pairing

Too wide and close- not enough room for hydrogen bond

Too narrow- too far away for a bond to form

Can only form a bond with a long structure (purine) and a small structure

(pyrimidine)

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Document Summary

Viruses (bacteriophage: no nucleus, no membrane, no cell , protein capsule, nucleic acid inside, most simple form that contains genetic information, greatest variability in the types and ways genetic information is used. Bacteria: cell surroudned by membrane and capsule, no nucleus- nucleic acids freely in cell, proteins in membranes and capsule. Eukaryotes: cell surrounded by membrane, nucleus surrounded by membrane, nucleic acid and protein in nucleus, proteins in membrane, proteins in organelles, has internal environments, dna is confined to the nucleus and is surrounded by three membranes. Griffith was looking for a vaccine for pneumonia by studying mice infected with two strains of the causative bacterium: s strain- virulent (lethal, r strain- non-virulent (not lethal) Griffith proposed that cells contained a non-living transforming principle" that could transform one cell into another. Dead matter without a living spirit can change the heritable nature of a living organism (don"t need life to maintain genetic information)

Related Questions

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)

metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis

Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)

water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes

Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)

potential
reaction
initiation
activation

Question 24.24. Where in the cell doesglycolysis takes place? (Points : 2)

lysosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus

Question 25.25. Photosynthesis uses sunlightto convert water and carbon dioxide into __. (Points : 2)

carbon dioxide andwater
oxygen and sugars
proteins and sugars
carbon dioxide andoxygen

Question 26.26. The _____ of photosynthesisare the _____ of cellular respiration. (Points : 2)

electrons, protons
pigments, products
products, reactants
elements, atoms

Question 27.27. The energy currency of thecell is __. (Points : 2)

glucose
ATP
starch
glycogen

Question 28.28. When blood glucose levelsdecrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped first?(Points : 2)

glycogen
fats
steroids
amino acids

Question 29.29. When glucose is used as anenergy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced by the ____portion of the entire respiratory process. (Points : 2)

glycolytic
Kreb's cycle
acetyl-CoAformation
electron transportchain

Question 30.30. Pyruvic acid can be regardedas the end product of ____. (Points : 2)

glycolysis
fermentation
the Kreb cycle
the electron transportchain

Question 31.31. How can one increase the rateof a chemical reaction? (Points : 2)

Increase the activationenergy.
Cool the reactants.
Decrease the pH.
Add an enzyme(catalyst).

Question 32.32. A prokaryote has ___. (Points: 2)

membrane-boundorganelles
nucleus
mitochondria
a cell membrane

Question 33.33. Unlike animal cells, plantcells have __. (Points : 2)

cell membranes
cell walls
chromosomes
mitochondria

Question 34.34. Which of the followingrequires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane? (Points: 2)

diffusion
osmosis
active transport
passive transport

Question 35.35. The ___ is the site of proteinsynthesis. (Points : 2)

nucleus
ribosome
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton

Question 36.36. Diffusion of water through asemipermeable membrane is called __. (Points : 2)

osmosis
diffusion
active transport
passive transport

Question 37.37. Which component of a cellmembrane is likely to function as a transporter? (Points : 2)

cholesterol
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates

Question 38.38. If potato slice is placed indistilled water, the cells would most likely __. (Points : 2)

lose water and becomelimp
neither take up water orlose water
take up water andswell
transport water into thecell by active transport.

Question 39.39. The chloroplast functions in___. (Points : 2)

protein synthesis
lipid storage
DNA replication
photosynthesis

Question 40.40. The fluid mosaic modelpresents the modern view of ___. (Points : 2)

the cell membranestructure
chromosome movementduring mitosis
protein synthesis
ATP production

Question 41.41. During which stage of mitosisdo nucleoli reappear and the nuclear membrane reforms? (Points :2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 42.42. During which stage of mitosisdo chromatids separate to form two sets of daughter chromosomes?(Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 43.43. Which of the following is thelongest stage of mitosis? (Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 44.44. When during the cell cycle isDNA replicated? (Points : 2)

metaphase
Synthesis phase (S)
G1
cytokinesis

Question 45.45. A cell with 10 chromosomesundergoes mitosis and cell division. How many daughter cells areproduced and what number of chromosomes do they have? (Points :2)

4 daughter cells, 20chromosomes each
4 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 10chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each

Question 46.46. Maize (corn) has a haploidnumber of 10. How many chromosomes are in a zygote of maize?(Points : 2)

5
10
20
Not enough informationprovided

Question 47.47. Crossing over is one of themost important events in meiosis because __. (Points : 2)

homologous chromosomesare separated into different daughter cells
the number of chromosomesallotted to each daughter cell must be halved
sister chromatids must beseparated into different daughter cells
it produces new arrays ofalleles on chromosomes and contributes to genetic diversity

Question 48.48. While viewing stained onionroot tip cells you notice that distinct chromosomes cannot beobserved in most of the cells. This is because most of the cells___. (Points : 2)

were killed whilepreparing the slide
are in Interphase
are in metaphase
are undergoingMeiosis

Question 49.49. Each offspring cell producedby binary fission contains __. (Points : 2)

half the chromosomes ofthe original cell
twice as many chromosomesas the original cell
an independent assortmentof the original cell's chromosomes
an identical copy of theoriginal cell's chromosome.

Question 50.50. A DNA strand has the sequenceA-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A. What would be its complementary strand? (Points: 2)

G-T-G-A-T-T-A-C-G
A-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A
T-G-T-C-G-G-C-A-T
U-G-U-C-G-G-C-A-U

erinmoose680

magine that the year is 1928 and the scientific world is in an uproar trying to determine what component of the cell isresponsible for genetic inheritance. Is it DNA, protein, perhaps even RNA? You are busy in your lab, trying to help solve this crucial mystery that still plagues (then) modern day biology. Your work focuses on a microorganism, a bacterium named Streptococcus pneumoniae, and its effects on mice. There are two strains of S. pneumoniae (which is responsible for pneumonia), the âRoughâ strain (R) and âSmoothâ strain (S). The strains are very similar except the S strain has a smooth polysaccharide coat that enables the microorganism to avoid the organismâs immune system and cause illness (and death in mice). The R strain has a rough coat which is detected and dealt with by the immune system (and as a result causes no death in mice). You decide to perform a series of experiments using the R and S strain of S. pneumoniae involving injections of these strains in mice. Your results are documented in the figure below: living S strain of S. pneumoniae mouse dies of infection living R strain of S. pneumoniae mouse lives mouse lives S strain heat-killed living R strain mouse dies of infection living, pathogenic S strain recovered S strain heat-killed From these results, you figure out that something from the heat killed S strain is transforming the R strain into the virulent strain. What is this âTransforming principleâ? Is it related to the cellular component that was passed from one generation to the next? As you know, this was the initial experiment performed by Dr. Frederick Griffith that eventually led to the discovery of the true cellular component that is the genetic inheritance molecule as well as the âtransforming principleâ (Hint: Itâs DNA!).

1. Several experiments were required to demonstrate how traits are inherited. Which scientist or team of scientists first demonstrated that cells contain some component that can be transferred to a new population of cells and permanently cause changes in the new cells?

a. Griffith b. Watson and Crick c. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty d. Hershey and Chase

2. From your results, which one of the cellular components can be determined NOT to be the component responsible for genetic inheritance? Why?

a. Proteins because these macromolecules become denatured with heat. b. DNA because these macromolecules form a single helix in solution. c. RNA because it's double stranded 100% of the time d. Sugars because glycolysis happens.

3. Which one of the following experimental trials below are considered to be controls for this experiment? a. S Strain grown in 10% ethanol medium. b. Living S strain; Living R strain; Heat Killed S Strain c. Living R Strain with heat killed S strain; Living S Strain d. Heat Killed S strain; Living R strain; R strain grown in 10% ethanol medium

4. Which scientist or team of scientists obtained definitive results demonstrating that DNA is the genetic molecule? a. Griffith b. Watson c. Crick d. Hershey and Chase

5. Hershey and Chase used radiolabeled macromolecules to identify the material that contains heritable information. What radioactive material was used to track DNA during this experiment?

a. 3H b. 14C c. 35S d. 32P

6. DNA molecules, like proteins, consist of a single, long polymeric chain that is assembled from small monomeric subunits.

a. True b. False

7. The polarity of a DNA strand results from the polarity of the nucleotide subunits.

a. True b. False

8. There are five different nucleotides that become incorporates into a DNA strand.

a. True b. False

9. Hydrogen bonds between each nucleotide hold individual DNA strands together.

a. True b. False

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BIOL1003 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Dna Ligase, Belgian Blue, Noncoding Dna

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